Nature Communications:威胁人类健康的两大“杀手”病毒和癌细胞,两强相遇谁会阵亡?

2021-07-02 生物探索 生物探索

研究找到了病毒进入癌细胞的大门“层粘连蛋白”,并阐明了H-1细小病毒(H-1PV)是如何附着并偷袭癌细胞使肿瘤裂解和死亡的。

溶瘤病毒是一类具有复制能力的肿瘤杀伤性病毒,由于其能够刺激机体产生抗癌的免疫反应而不会伤害正常的健康组织,逐渐成为抗肿瘤治疗领域的新星。

20世纪初,《The Lancet》杂志报道了一位患有慢性白血病的妇女在一次流感病毒感染后,出现了病变白细胞数减少、病情好转的迹象,因此吸引了科学界的目光。1991年,《Science》杂志的一篇文章正式拉开了溶瘤病毒进军抗癌圈的序幕,人类首次对溶瘤病毒进行基因改造,将其用于恶性神经胶质瘤。

然而这把“抗肿瘤利剑”的诞生之路并非一帆风顺,2005年,世界第一款抗癌溶瘤病毒“H101(安柯瑞)”在中国上市,但治癌效果却差强人意,随后便逐渐“隐退江湖”,直到2015年FDA批准美国首个治疗黑色素瘤的溶瘤病毒疗法的诞生,才正式开启了溶瘤病毒的抗癌之路。

但溶瘤病毒疗法也存在缺陷,当该疗法独立使用时并不能使肿瘤完全消退,究其根本,主要是由于每个癌症患者对溶瘤病毒的敏感性和反应程度不同,因此,为了能让癌症患者在该疗法中受益,有效的识别出易受病毒感染宿主的遗传特征成为目前研究的重中之重。

近日,德国癌症研究中心与溶瘤病毒免疫治疗实验室的科研人员联合在《Nature Communications》杂志发表了一篇题为Oncolytic H-1 parvovirus binds to sialic acid on laminins for cell attachment and entry的文章,该研究找到了病毒进入癌细胞的大门“层粘连蛋白”,并阐明了H-1细小病毒(H-1PV)是如何附着并偷袭癌细胞使肿瘤裂解和死亡的。

为了更有效的利用溶瘤病毒,找到有助于识别H-1PV易感性的生物标志物,研究团队分析了位于癌细胞表面的蛋白质基因,以表征它们在与病毒对接过程的作用。

一种在介导细胞附着和渗透中起关键作用的调节剂“层粘连蛋白γ1” ( LAMC1 )被锁定,从本质上讲,当病毒与癌细胞的特定部分相互作用时,癌细胞表面的层粘连蛋白就像一扇“门”,它有能够帮助病毒追踪、附着并瓦解癌细胞。研究发现,当LAMC1在神经胶质瘤、宫颈癌、胰腺癌、结直肠癌和肺癌等环境下失活时,病毒对癌细胞的攻击性会减弱。

层粘连蛋白 γ1 参与 H-1PV 细胞的附着和进入

在进一步的研究中,科研人员评估了这项新发现的临床意义。研究人员指出,层粘连蛋白会在不同的肿瘤微环境中差异表达,例如与健康组织相比,它会在胰腺癌和胶质母细胞瘤 (GBM)中过度表达。

此外,在脑肿瘤中,它的表达量会随肿瘤级别的增加而增加,晚期 GBM患者肿瘤中的层粘连蛋白水平要更高一些。不仅如此,110 份原发性和复发性 GBM 的活检分析报告显示,与原发性肿瘤相比,复发性GBM中层粘连蛋白的水平明显更高。

癌细胞系对 H-1PV 溶瘤的敏感性与LAMC1表达水平直接相关

然而令人欣慰的是,尽管层粘连蛋白表达量的升高与多种肿瘤患者预后和生存不良相关,但却能使肿瘤更容易被感染和破坏,也就是说,层粘连蛋白表达量高的癌症患者更有可能对溶瘤病毒疗法产生反应。

因此,未来我们可以将层粘连蛋白作为一种生物标志物,依据其表达水平对癌症患者进行分类,以便于预测不同类型的癌症对基于H-1PV的抗癌疗法的敏感性和反应性。

层粘连蛋白和 H-1PV 之间相互作用

近年来,各大制药公司都纷纷布局溶瘤病毒,而这项最新的研究将助于科研人员进行临床试验的设计,降低研发成本、缩短审批新药时间,切实改善癌症患者的治疗效果,因此或能成为未来治癌领域的“明日之星”。

原始出处:

Kulkarni, A., Ferreira, T., Bretscher, C. et al. Oncolytic H-1 parvovirus binds to sialic acid on laminins for cell attachment and entry. Nat Commun 12, 3834 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-24034-7.

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    2021-07-03 与狼共舞

    有意思

    0

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