Cell:吃得少,活得久!热量限制饮食如何防止细胞衰老的负面影响

2020-03-04 于晓程 生物探索

如果你想减少全身的炎症、延缓与年龄有关的疾病的发生、活得更长,那么就要少吃食物。这是来自中美科学家的一项新研究的结论,该研究提供了迄今关于限制热量饮食对大鼠细胞作用的最详细的报告。虽然热量限制的好处早已为人所知,但新的研究结果揭示了这种限制可以如何防止细胞通路的老化,相关论文发表在《Cell》杂志上。

如果你想减少全身的炎症、延缓与年龄有关的疾病的发生、活得更长,那么就要少吃食物。这是来自中美科学家的一项新研究的结论,该研究提供了迄今关于限制热量饮食对大鼠细胞作用的最详细的报告。虽然热量限制的好处早已为人所知,但新的研究结果揭示了这种限制可以如何防止细胞通路的老化,相关论文发表在《Cell》杂志上。

衰老是许多人类疾病(包括癌症、痴呆、糖尿病代谢综合征等)的最高风险因素,动物模型中已显示热量限制(CR)是针对这些与年龄有关的疾病的最有效干预措施之一。尽管研究人员已知单个细胞会随着生物体的衰老而发生许多变化,但他们还不知道热量限制会如何影响这些变化。

在这篇新论文中,研究人员比较了正常饮食和摄入热量少30%的大鼠,在18至27个月的年龄间控制其饮食。对人类来说,这大致相当于从50岁到70岁的人遵循热量限制饮食。在饮食开始和结束时,分别从56只大鼠的40种细胞类型中分离并分析了168,703个细胞,来自于脂肪组织、肝脏、肾脏、主动脉、皮肤、骨髓、大脑和肌肉。在每个分离的细胞中,研究人员使用单细胞基因测序技术来测量基因的活性水平,研究了任何给定组织中细胞类型的总体组成,然后比较了每种饮食中的老鼠和幼鼠。



正常饮食的大鼠变老时发生的许多变化并未出现在饮食限制的大鼠中,即使到了老年,热量限制大鼠的许多组织和细胞也与幼鼠的组织和细胞非常相似。总的来说,在热量限制饮食的大鼠中,有57%出现在正常饮食的大鼠组织中年龄相关的细胞组成变化没有出现。这种方法不仅告诉我们热量限制对这些细胞类型的影响,而且还提供了关于衰老过程中单细胞水平发生的情况的最完整、最详尽的研究。


scRNA-Seq构建的大鼠细胞图谱

免疫细胞在衰老过程中增加,热量限制有利地逆转了衰老干扰的免疫系统。在棕色脂肪组织中,热量限制饮食使许多抗炎基因的表达水平恢复到年轻动物的水平,衰老过程中观察到的异常细胞间通讯模式,包括过度的促炎性配体-受体相互作用,也被热量限制逆转,这说明衰老过程中炎症反应的增加可以被热量限制系统性地抑制。

人们常说,人如其食,随着年龄的增长,你的细胞状态显然取决于你与环境的互动,包括吃了什么、吃了多少。这项研究增强了我们对热量控制作为一种衰老保护干预手段的理解,揭示了热量控制对免疫调节的影响,并强调代谢干预措施可能会影响整体免疫反应,这与生物的健康状况和寿命密切相关。该小组现在正在尝试发现衰老的药物靶标并实施增加寿命和健康期的策略。

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