隐匿性气管淀粉样变性全身麻醉1例

2020-03-03 张建友 孙建宏 陈茂桂 国际麻醉学与复苏杂志

气道管理是临床麻醉的焦点问题,但是因气管病变带来的气道狭窄往往具有隐匿性的特点,常在重度狭窄时才能出现明显的临床症状,在症状不典型时,往往难以预估,给麻醉诱导气管插管带来了难以预料的风险。本文介绍1例术前无明显呼吸道症状、未诊断气管狭窄全身麻醉诱导的处理和分析。

气道管理临床麻醉的焦点问题,但是因气管病变带来的气道狭窄往往具有隐匿性的特点,常在重度狭窄时才能出现明显的临床症状,在症状不典型时,往往难以预估,给麻醉诱导气管插管带来了难以预料的风险。本文介绍1例术前无明显呼吸道症状、未诊断气管狭窄全身麻醉诱导的处理和分析。
 
1.病例资料
 
患者,男,51岁,75 kg,172 cm,入院诊断为胆囊结石伴急性胆囊炎;予以抗炎、解痉、支持治疗及术前准备,拟急诊全身麻醉下行腹腔镜下胆囊切除术。既往有肋骨骨折、声带息肉手术史。否认高血压糖尿病和心脏病史,无明显呼吸困难病史。
 
术前访视:神志清楚,发育正常;气管居中,心肺听诊无特殊;心率78次/min,血压146/93 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),呼吸频率18次/min;头颈活动度正常,甲颌距离7.2 cm,张口度5 cm,下齿可前移过上齿(无缺齿),Mallampati分级为I级。吸空气情况下SpO2在96%左右。实验室检查:白细胞28.7x109/L,白蛋白40.3 g/L,余正常。胸部X线摄片未见明显异常(图1A)。ASA分级I级,选择气管插管全凭静脉麻醉。
 1582852492157294.png
图1 患者胸部影像A:术前胸部x线摄片;
 
术前30 min肌内注射阿托品(生产批号:1603231,天津金耀药业有限公司)0.5 mg,苯巴比妥钠(生产批号:160708,上海新亚药业有限公司)0.1 g。患者入室仰卧位,常规监测心率、血压和SpO2,建立外周静脉通道;序贯静脉注射咪达唑仑(生产批号:20160105,江苏恩华药业股份有限公司)2 mg、芬太尼(生产批号:161009,宜昌人福药业有限责任公司)0.2 mg、丙泊酚(生产批号:NJ059,阿斯利康公司,意大利)130 mg和琥珀胆碱(生产批号:AAl61002,上海旭东海普药业有限公司)100 mg,快速诱导;待患者意识消失、下颌松弛后,置入视频喉镜暴露声门清楚,试插7号和6号气管导管均不能通过声门下气管,尝试5号气管导管亦失败,紧急插入4号Supreme喉罩维持通气,但气道压力在40 cmH2O(1 cmH2O=0.098 kPa)左右,喉罩有漏气,SpO2维持在95%左右,PETCO2维持在60—65 mmHg。与家属沟通病情,暂停手术。
 
待患者清醒后尝试拔除喉罩,患者即刻出现吸气性呼吸困难,面罩加压辅助通气,再次给予丙泊酚镇静,插入喉罩控制呼吸。急请耳鼻咽喉科会诊,后行气管切开,发现气管壁弥漫陛增厚、管腔缩窄,尝试4.5 mm气管导管置入,但患者呼吸道阻力较大,PETCO2仍在85 mmHg左右,决定在胸骨上行气管切开,尝试扩张气管后经气管切开处置入6号加强丝导管顺利,通气改善明显,气道压力20 cmH2O,SpO2逐渐回升至100%,PETCO2逐渐下降并维持在40—45 mmHg。取气管内新生物标本送检。术后患者带气管导管入术后重症监护室继续治疗。术后病理报告提示:气管淀粉样变性。术后CT复查提示:声门狭窄,声门下至隆突上气管狭窄长约8 cm,最狭窄段气管内径4 mm(图1B)。监护室治疗平稳后患者出院随访观察。
 1582852514974633.png
图1B 为术后胸部CT片。注:a:气管导管;b:导管气囊
 
2.讨论
 
淀粉样变性类疾病少见,发病率约十万分之一,可累及人体脾、肝和。肾,而呼吸系统淀粉样变性极罕见且病因未明。原发性淀粉样变性为蛋白轻链和重链淀粉样变性的蛋白在组织中沉积;继发性淀粉样变性与结核、类风湿等自身免疫性疾病有关。考虑该患者无继发因素,术后刚果红病理染色后偏光显微镜下呈双折光性,诊断原发性气管淀粉样变性。气管支气管型在呼吸系统淀粉样变性中较常见,但无特异性临床表现和症状,而当气道出现明显狭窄时可以有胸闷、气促、咯血和发绀等症状。
 
对于声门和气管狭窄患者,麻醉诱导气管插管和维持满意通气量是麻醉管理的难点。术前对病变部位、狭窄程度特点和肺功能的评估非常重要,通过颈胸部CT扫描或纤维支气管镜来评估病变位置、大小、活动度和狭窄长度等,亦可预估导管的型号来指导气管插管。
 
结合本例患者,首先,颈部正位X线摄片很关键,能发现胸部X线摄片发现不了的喉和气管的异常。其次,在气管插管困难时,应及时改变气道的建立方式,改喉上型呼吸支持,避免反复插管带来气管损伤,进一步加重通气困难。该患者反复插管损伤导致了有效通气内径缩小,气道阻力增加,在插入喉罩后出现了低氧和二氧化碳蓄积。第三,置入喉罩后应行纤维支气管镜进气道检查,以指导后续治疗,同时可取材送检,有条件时可行急诊气管支架置入,从而避免后续的气管切开机械通气治疗等。
 
同时,需要注意的是无创处理紧急气道的管芯类和有创处理的环甲膜切开置管对于此类患者可能不适用,在低位行气管切开是较为理想的选择,以避免切开病变部位后仍无法有效通气。另外,在无法插入喉罩通气时,环甲膜穿刺高频喷射通气为此类患者呼吸支持的紧急方案。分析本例患者:首先,术前如能采集到有提示意义的病史,或者进行肺功能等检查就能及时发现潜在的风险,给麻醉诱导提供参考。其次,针对本例患者的处理,及时通过喉罩通气和建立有创气道是可行的,避免了因既不能插管也不能通气带来的缺氧风险。另外,对于不明原因未预料的下气道病变引起的狭窄,及时暂停手术待明确病因后再择期处理亦是可选的方案。
 
总之,对于已知气管支气管淀粉样变性导致的气道狭窄患者,术前评估非常重要,有助于进行麻醉准备。对于未预料的患者,麻醉诱导后应尽可能避免反复试插,应想到患者可能存在气道狭窄,此时应先选择喉罩通气,再行纤维支气管镜检查气道狭窄及气道病变情况,以指导治疗,可行急诊气管支架置入以解除气道狭窄,确保患者生命安全。
 
原始出处:

张建友,孙建宏,陈茂桂, 等.隐匿性气管淀粉样变性全身麻醉1例并文献复习[J].国际麻醉学与复苏杂志,2019,40(2):140-142.

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    2020-03-04 huangdf
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