Cell Res:TCR激活过程中CD3依赖磷脂膜的动态变化机制

2017-04-10 生物谷 生物谷

获得性免疫反应(adaptive immunity)的关键特征之一是抗原的特异性。不同的病原微生物能够引发各自特异的后天免疫反应,然而,其中的分子机制目前了解的并不清楚。获得性免疫反应的起始是由T细胞表面的TCR复合体与抗原呈递细胞表面的MHC-抗原复合物结合而引发的,之后,一系列的信号传递最终导致T细胞的激活。最近的一些研究表明


(图片摘自网络)

获得性免疫反应(adaptive immunity)的关键特征之一是抗原的特异性。不同的病原微生物能够引发各自特异的后天免疫反应,然而,其中的分子机制目前了解的并不清楚。获得性免疫反应的起始是由T细胞表面的TCR复合体与抗原呈递细胞表面的MHC-抗原复合物结合而引发的,之后,一系列的信号传递最终导致T细胞的激活。最近的一些研究表明,TCR并非只有"激活"与"未激活"两种状态,而是存在多种不同的功能性,进而会引发抗原特异性的T细胞的激活。例如,李斯特菌感染模型中,TCR与MHC-抗原复合体的较长时间的结合会导致T细胞向滤泡T辅助细胞(T follicular helper cells)方向分化;而较短时间的接触则会导致T细胞向Th1方向分化。对于CD8 T细胞而言,高亲和力的相互作用会导致T细胞的不对称分化,进而分化形成组织浸润性效应T细胞,然而,低亲和力的的相互作用则会导致细胞的对称分裂,进而抑制其向效应T细胞方向的分化。这些现象表明T细胞免疫反应的多样性主要是由TCR信号决定的。

TCR含有4个亚基,一个负责抗原呈递的TCRαβ,以及另外三个负责信号传递的亚基,CD3εδ、CD3εγ、CD3ζζ,TCRαβ亚基能够从胞外识别抗原,但是无法引发胞内的信号,这是因为其胞内的结构域不含有信号传递的基序。所有的CD3链胞内端都含有ITAM(immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activating motif)。ITAM的磷酸化则会招募syk家族蛋白ZAP70,这一事件会激活下游的信号传递。早期的生化研究表明不同的抗原会导致ITAM不同程度的激活。除此之外,CD3胞内端的其它结构域对于TCR的信号传递也有重要的作用,其中包括CD3ε以及CD3γ与磷脂膜直接相互作用的BRS(Basic residueRich Sequence)以及CD3ε中的与Nck相互作用的PRS(Proline-Rich Sequence)。

长期以来,对于TCR的跨膜信号传递我们一直不清楚的问题之一是TCR与抗原的接触的多样性如何影响了胞内的不同结构基序的激活状态的变化,不过,有一些证据强调了构象变化的重要性。越来越多的证据表明细胞膜中的磷脂对于调节CD3的构象的影响。在最近的一项研究中,来自中科院上海生化所的许琛琦课题组重点研究了不同的TCR结合后的动力学特征对于CD3胞内端构象的调节以及下游信号的激活的作用,相关结果发表在最近一期的《Cell Research》杂志上。

首先,作者利用AFM(原子力显微镜)技术检测了CD3ε从闭合的构象向开放的构象之间转变的过程,并且利用测力的方式记录了这一变化过程中TCR与pMHC相互结合的强度。进一步,作者通过AFM的手段发现CD3ε胞内端的结构域与存在多个依赖于磷脂膜的构象变化特征,这一现象表明CD3ε可能具有多个磷脂层结合位点。

之后,作者利用T细胞与人工的pMHC-II进行相互作用,并记录了T细胞的TCR复合体中CD3ε胞内段的构象变化特征。结果显示,不同的抗原刺激均能够不同程度地将CD3ε胞内段结构域稳定在某种开放的构象模式下,而这一过程受到其环境中的磷脂层的调节。

综上,作者认为这些实验表明:不同的CD3ε构象的产生是受到CD3ε与所处的磷脂膜的相互作用的差异决定的。依赖于脂类的CD3的构象变化能够为我们理TCR的激活提供结构化的证据。

原始出处:
Xingdong Guo et al.Lipid-dependent conformational dynamics underlie the functional versatility of T-cell receptor.Cell Research.(2017) 27:505-525. doi:10.1038/cr.2017.42

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    2017-07-22 维他命
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    2017-04-12 Boyinsh
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    2017-04-10 九天.

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