Neurosurgery:动脉瘤蛛网膜下腔出血后持续输注替罗非班

2020-02-22 杨中华 脑血管病及重症文献导读

2019年12月来自美国的Kaustubh Limaye等在NEUROSURGERY上公布了他们的研究结果,目的在于评价支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞(SAC)或血流分流装置(FDD)治疗的破裂动脉瘤并且需要脑室外引流(EVD)或脑室腹膜分流(VPS)的患者,长时间持续输注替罗非班单一抗血小板药物的安全性和有效性。

2005年,ISAT 试验显示采用血管内治疗的方法治疗动脉瘤蛛网膜下腔出血(aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage,aSAH)的1年独立生存的可能性更大,并且这种早期的存活获益一直持续超过7年。该试验结果大大改变了破裂动脉瘤的治疗。随着创新和血管内设备的迅速发展,对于神经血管外科医生来说,用血流分流装置(flow diverting devices,FDD)治疗具有挑战性的水疱/假性动脉瘤已经成为可能。不过,在aSAH急性期应用支架辅助弹簧圈(stentassisted coiling,SAC)和/或FDD治疗患者时,围手术期管理中出现了新的挑战。高达45%患者需要放置脑室外引流(external ventricular drain,EVD)或脑室腹膜分流(ventriculoperitoneal shunt,VPS),同时这些患者还需要接受双联抗血小板(dual antiplatelet therapy,DAPT)预防支架内血栓形成,从而让患者置于导管相关性颅内出血的风险之中。

以前的研究提示,对于支架辅助弹簧圈治疗的 aSAH 患者,短期静脉输注替罗非班(术后2-4h)和 DAPT 的症状性出血风险较低。替罗非班具有起效快、半衰期短等药效学特点,是一种很有吸引力的血小板抑制替代品。

2019年12月来自美国的Kaustubh Limaye等在NEUROSURGERY上公布了他们的研究结果,目的在于评价支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞(SAC)或血流分流装置(FDD)治疗的破裂动脉瘤并且需要脑室外引流(EVD)或脑室腹膜分流(VPS)的患者,长时间持续输注替罗非班单一抗血小板药物的安全性和有效性。

本研究纳入的患者为2017年7月到2018年9月间采取 SAC 或 FDD 治疗的 aSAH 患者,并且给予单独抗血小板药物替罗非班持续输注(0.10 μg/kg/min),没有给予负荷剂量替罗非班。

替罗非班是一种络氨酸衍生物,糖蛋白(GPIIb/IIa)受体抑制剂。需要静脉输注。半衰期短(2h),用于预期出血并发症者是很有吸引力的。输注30min 后,血小板聚集抑制率超过90%。因为起效迅速,仔细评价血管造影影像后,在没有提前应用抗血小板药物或肝素化的情况下,使替罗非班治疗SAC或FDD患者成为了可能。约64%的替罗非班与血浆蛋白结合,分布范围为21-87L。在人体内,它的代谢可忽略不计,以4.8到25.8升/小时的清除率从肾脏排出。它是美国FDA批准的3种GPIIb/IIIa拮抗剂中的一种。

下图为研究者制定的 aSAH 患者的方案。EVD 的指征:入院时存在脑积水(跨室管膜液体,圆形三脑室,脑室扩大,颞角可见),精神状态改变或昏睡(drowsiness)。Hunt Hess 评分>3或 GCS<8。为了确保无菌和彻底止血,要求 EVD 在手术室完成。优先24h 内处理动脉瘤,特别是打算血管内治疗者。然后,无肝素化造影。如果选用 SAC 或 FDD 的方法,手术中 SAC 和 FDD 打开(deployment)之前立即开始 IV 维持剂量替罗非班,0.1 ug/kg/min,不要负荷量推注。在开始输注替罗非班之前,不使用阿司匹林或氯吡格雷。持续输注替罗非班,直到拔除 EVD 或放置 VPS。EVD 拔出/VPS放置或其他外科手术之前暂停替罗非班4h,手术结束 2h 后重启。重新输注替罗非班后立即给予负荷剂量 DAPT,包括阿司匹林325mg 和氯吡格雷600mg。DAPT 两小时后,终止替罗非班输注,因为证据显示600mg 氯吡格雷,两小时时将产生血小板抑制作用(300mg 为6h)。暂停替罗非班4h,是基于替罗非班(Aggrastat)半衰期(2h),并且90%的患者终止输注4h 时血小板聚集恢复正常。



最初,研究者在手术(VPS)或 EVD 拔除后4h重启替罗非班(Aggrastat)治疗,但是因为1例患者发生了 TIA,重启(手术后3h)替罗非班后症状缓解,所以后面更改为2h 重启替罗非班治疗。这样,仅3例患者遵循了以前(4h)的方案,以后的患者皆为2h。



共19例患者,进行了25次手术(19次 EVD,6次 VPS)。EVD 放置后2例(8.3%)发生了无症状穿刺通道出血。1例患者因为术中损伤了肾动脉分支,导致大量腹膜后出血,另1例患者发生特异性短暂性血小板减少,停药后恢复。1例(4%)发生 TIA,推注替罗非班后缓解。

最终作者认为该研究提示对于血管内 SAC 或 FDD 的 aSAH 患者,围手术期内长时间(3-18天)持续输注单独抗血小板药物替罗非班是安全的。

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    2020-10-07 chg121
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    2020-02-24 lsndxfj

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