JCO:局部晚期NSCLC,质子和光子放疗,谁主沉浮?

2018-01-07 宋小编 肿瘤资讯

同步放化疗是局部晚期NSCLC的标准治疗。目前临床上多采用调强放疗(光子放疗),但仍有部分患者可能出现严重的放射性肺炎。

同步放化疗是局部晚期NSCLC的标准治疗。目前临床上多采用调强放疗(光子放疗),但仍有部分患者可能出现严重的放射性肺炎。质子放疗相比于光子具有较好的放射物理学性能,穿过靶病灶后剂量锐减,因此对正常周边组织的损伤很小。采用质子放疗是否可以减少放射性肺炎的发生?既往没有头对头的研究对比光子放疗和质子放疗,近日《JCO》发表了第一项前瞻性的随机研究,在局部晚期NSCLC,对比了两种放疗方法在毒性和疗效上的差异。

背景

局部晚期NSCLC的标准治疗为同步放化疗,患者的中位总生存为28.7个月。但同步放化疗所引发的放射性肺炎可能会影响患者的总生存和生活质量。既往的研究提示,放射性肺炎的发生与最大肺照射剂量以及平均肺照射剂量相关。调强放疗相比于三维适形放疗(均属于光子照射),可以降低放射性肺炎的发生风险。另一项新的技术——质子照射,相比于光子照射,具更好的放射物理学性能,穿过靶病灶后剂量锐减,因此对正常周边组织的损伤很小。理论上,质子照射是显著优于光子照射的,因此,既往并没有进行随机对照临床研究来对比这两种方法。对比光子,其具有更高的生物等效性(1.1倍),可以减少肺部接受放射的体积,从而减少毒副作用,如放射性肺炎等,提高了肿瘤的治疗剂量。早在2001年,FDA就已经批准了质子照射,但是目前在临床应用还很少,主要原因在于价格昂贵。鉴于其治疗费用昂贵,因此,临床上需要更多的证据来证实质子照射的优势。

研究者假设质子照射相比于调强放疗,可以显著降低放射毒性却不会影响治疗疗效。在肺癌中进行了第一个前瞻性随机试验,但该研究不是经典的RCT研究中的1:1随机,而是采用贝叶斯随机。

方法

该研究的特色之处在于,采用贝叶斯适应性随机(如果治疗效果存在差异,分配更多的患者进入更有效的治疗组,否则,患者按照同等机会分配进入任一组别)。本研究中,在同等放射剂量条件下,当患者同时满足调强放疗和质子放疗的治疗前计划,才对患者进行随机。因此,本研究患者都经过了非常复杂的随机流程。满足随机的患者,还必须要同时满足保险同意,因为质子放疗的费用非常昂贵,如果患者的保险不能覆盖质子治疗,患者还是会被分配到调强组;如果患者本身不满意随机分配的结果,也可以换组。可以说这一研究设计并不是真正意义上的完全随机,受到经济和患者意愿的影响。虽然说这一研究设计兼顾了伦理和科学,但在过分强调伦理的时候,科学性将会有所折扣,这一研究设计可能也会影响到后续的研究结果。主要研究终点为第一次出现严重(>=3度)的放射性肺炎或局部复发。

结果

研究流程图,计划可随机患者181例,随机的患者总计有26例被保险拒绝,8例患者期望质子治疗。计划不可随机患者44例。



图1.适应性随机过程

最终共149例患者接受了治疗,其中调强放疗组92例,质子组57例子。两组患者的基线特征均衡:年龄,性别,ECOG PS评分,组织学分期无差异。

正常组织照射剂量对比:

质子组患者的心脏照射剂量显著小于调强放疗组(P=0.002),而肺和食管的平均照射剂量无差异,如下图2A。在肺的照射上,质子组目标区域剂量稍大(P=0.071),更多的患者病灶接受更高剂量,同时受到20-80Gy剂量照射的正常肺组织也比调强放疗组多,如下图2B。在心脏照射上,各个剂量照射,质子组均显著更低。



图2.各个部位照射剂量对比

主要研究终点分析:

调强放疗组患者的中位随访时间为24.1个月,存活患者的中位随访时间为36.4个月。质子组患者的中位随访时间为25.7个月,存活患者的中位随访时间为48.4个月。共12例患者出现3度或以上的放射性肺炎,质子组和光子组各6例。其中调强放疗组有2例患者出现5度的放射性肺炎;而质子组没有患者出现4度或5度的放射性肺炎。全部患者中,12个月的局部复发率为10.7%,其中调强放疗组为10.9%,质子组为10.5%,两组没有统计学差异,但均低于预先的研究假设。12个月放射性肺炎和局部复发的合并发生率,调强放疗组为17.4%,质子组为21.1%,两组没有差异(P=0.175),如下图3所示。调强放疗组和质子组的中位总生存分别为29.5个月和26.1个月,两组没有差异(P=0.297)。事后概率分析,调强放疗组优于质子组的概率为0.54。



图3.两组患者放射性肺炎和/或局部复发的累积发生率

因为本研究的时间跨度较长(2009-2014年),而在这一过程中,放疗的技术得到了很大的发展,因此研究者以2011年9月27日为时间界点,分别分析了两个治疗组在这不同时间段的治疗疗效对比,发现两组患者都是有差别的。调强放疗组,12个月时>=3度放射性肺炎和局部复发的累积发生率,前半部分入组患者为21.1%,而后半部分入组患者为18.2%(P=0.047)。在质子组中也观察到相似的现象,前半部分入组患者为31.0%,而后半部分入组患者为13.1%(P=0.027)。此外,质子组中,所有3度或以上的放射性肺炎均出现在前半部分入组的患者,而调强放疗组中,调强放疗组则两个时段患者均有报道。



图4.根据患者入组时间分析放射性肺炎和局部复发发生率

发生>=3度放射性肺炎和/或局部复发的危险因素分析:在单因素分析中,患者入组时间(前半vs后半),平均肺照射剂量和肺V5-20与>=3度放射性肺炎和局部复发相关。放射性肺炎的发生与入组时间,患者年龄,平均肺照射剂量V5-10相关。局部复发的发生只与入组时间相关。在多因素分析中,放射性肺炎和/或局部复发的发生只与患者入组时间显著相关,如下表所示。



研究结论

本研究是第一个前瞻性的随机研究,比较调强放疗和质子放疗,结果显示,在局部晚期NSCLC中,接受调强放疗与3D质子放疗在严重放射性肺炎的发生率和/或局部复发的对比上没有差异。

点评

开展一个放疗的临床试验非常不容易,一方面,放疗技术的进展非常快,在研究不同阶段,放疗技术都可能处于一个不断优化的过程;此外,不同单位不同设备和操作人员,其操作过程无法做到完全的标准一致,这有别于我们一般的药物对比试验。这些可能是本研究得到一个阴性结果的原因。从理论层面来看,质子放疗还是有其优势的,如何将理论上的优势真正在临床实践中体现出来,还需要我们更多的实践。此外,目前质子治疗还面临很多的局限,主要为技术仍不够成熟;设备昂贵,数量有限,临床普及收到限制;技术和专业化要求程度高,专业人才缺乏;治疗花费高,医保不能完全覆盖;缺少高级别证据的研究数据。当然,这个研究仅仅是质子放疗故事的开始,未来的研究(如RTOG 1308研究)将允许各组采用最佳的方案。

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    2018-03-09 lidong40
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    2018-01-09 chg122
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    2018-01-07 1e0e5a1fm42(暂无匿称)

    henhao

    0

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