JNNP:肌萎缩侧索硬化症系统基因筛查的价值

2021-03-16 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

肌萎缩侧索硬化症(ALS)是一种以运动皮质、脑干和脊髓上下运动神经元进行性损伤和细胞死亡为特征的成人神经退行性疾病。这导致神经肌肉系统进行性衰竭,大多数病例在症状出现后2-5年内死亡,通常死于呼吸衰竭

肌萎缩侧索硬化症(ALS)是一种以运动皮质、脑干和脊髓上下运动神经元进行性损伤和细胞死亡为特征的成人神经退行性疾病。这导致神经肌肉系统进行性衰竭,大多数病例在症状出现后2-5年内死亡,通常死于呼吸衰竭。高达50%的病例也表现出轻度认知障碍,约5%进展为临床公认的额颞叶痴呆症(FTD)。虽然大多数ALS病例被认为是散发性的(sALS),但5%-10%的ALS病例被证明是家族性的,通常是常染色体显性遗传,约60%-70%的ALS患者是遗传原因家族性肌萎缩侧索硬化症(fALS)。肌萎缩侧索硬化症最常见的遗传原因是由于C9orf72基因第一内含子中GGGGCC(G4C2)六核苷酸重复序列的扩增。在英国队列研究中,fALS和sALS病例中的这种扩增频率分别为43%和7%,这与全球范围内fALS和sALS的39.3%和7.0%的数据相当。在fALS患者和sALS患者中,还报告了导致ALS的下一个最常见的遗传原因SOD1、TARDBP、和FUS5 基因突变。因此,很明显,明显的散发病例也可能携带已知ALS基因的潜在致病性变体。在最近一项筛选17个ALS相关基因的研究中,27.8%的明显散发病例携带已知ALS基因中的潜在致病性或罕见变体。

目前,只有有ALS家族史、痴呆症或发病年龄较轻的病例才倾向于在临床环境中常规进行基因筛查,随着针对与SOD1或C9orf72突变相关疾病的特定遗传形式的治疗方法的出现,这就出现了所有ALS患者是否都应进行基因筛查的问题。“ALS的多中心生物标志物研究策略”(AMBRoSIA)是一个纵向生物取样计划,在该计划中,新转诊的ALS患者被接触参与研究。同意的患者在研究基础上进行基因筛查,纵向采集血液、尿液和脑脊液样本,同时进行皮肤活检以进行成纤维细胞培养和重新编程。本文对散发性ALS和家族性ALS患者进行前瞻性基因筛查的结果。

对招募到的100例临床确诊的ALS患者(7例家族性,93例散发)进行了分析。患者招募时间为2017年6月至2019年10月。在知情书面同意(REC 16/LO/2136)后获得生物样本,包括用于提取DNA的全血。除了确诊的ALS外,没有采用严格的纳入或排除标准,因此临床医生没有优先对患者进行基因筛查。ALS的诊断由经验丰富的神经肌肉神经学家在适当的调查后作出,排除其他诊断。作为AMBRoSIA项目的一部分,由44个ALS、运动系统和FTD基因组成的小组,通过UKAS认证的谢菲尔德诊断遗传学服务实验室的定向下一代测序进行了筛选,以达到诊断标准。

Figure 1

所有ALS患者的免疫组化鉴定为致病性,可能的致病性和不确定意义的变异(VUS)。(A) 临床ALS小组涵盖的44个基因(42个通过下一代测序分析,2个通过PCR分析)。过滤后鉴定出致病性(红色)、可能致病性变体(橙色)或VUS(蓝色)的基因。在白框所示的基因中未发现致病性变体或VU。盒子的背景色代表了在该基因中发现的最严重的变异。(B) 本文变体分析和过滤过程的示意图。(C) 谢菲尔德安布罗西亚队列中ALS基因中可报告(红色)和未知意义变体的计数。(D) SOD1中5个临床可报告的变异。(E) 在SPG11中发现了4个意义不明的变异。有趣的是,其中3个簇位于C端结构域。良性突变和可能的良性突变相反地分布在整个蛋白质中。

Figure 2

21%的ALS患者有确诊的或可能的致病突变,其中93%的患者无ALS家族史。15%符合当前ALS基因治疗试验的纳入标准。5/21的致病性突变患者有一个额外的不确定意义的变异(VUS)。另外21%的ALS患者携带ALS相关基因中的VUS。总的来说,13%的患者携带一种以上的遗传变异(致病性或VUS)。携带两种变异体的ALS患者发病年龄明显早于携带单一变异体的患者(发病年龄中位数为56岁vs 60岁,p=0.0074)。

在ALS专科转诊门诊常规筛查ALS相关致病性突变将影响21%的病例的临床护理。21%的患者在去除非特异性或预测的良性变异后,ALS基因组中存在目前尚未证实的变异。总的来说,已知ALS相关基因的变异在42%的患者中具有潜在的临床重要性。

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肿瘤的异质性是恶性肿瘤的特征之一,是指肿瘤在生长过程中,经过多次分裂增殖,其子细胞呈现出分子生物学或基因方面的改变,从而使肿瘤的生长速度、侵袭能力、对药物的敏感性、预后等各方面产生差异。

Nature:一种单一的设计性DNA药物治疗有望完全治愈帕金森症!

虽然大多数治疗策略旨在防止神经元丢失或保护脆弱的神经元回路,但近日,付向东团队成功替换丢失的神经元以重建中断的回路,完全治愈了小鼠的帕金森病。

Oncogene:长非编码RNA PENG能够抑制透明细胞肾细胞癌的细胞增殖

PDZK1下调能够独立的预测透明细胞肾细胞癌(ccRCC)患者的不良预后并诱导ccRCC的发展和恶化。然而,PDZK1下调潜在的机制仍旧不清楚。竞争性内源RNA(ceRNA)网络在基因调控中扮演着新的

Nat. Rev Neurosci:对435563人酒精使用问题进行全基因组meta分析,深入了解生物学以及与其他性状的关系

酗酒是世界范围内导致死亡和残疾的主要原因。虽然全基因组关联研究已经确定了PAU的危险基因,但这一特性的遗传结构尚未完全了解。