梅斯病例报告003|华法林相关肾病:肾功能延迟改善病例报告

2021-06-01 Oranhgy MedSci原创

华法林相关肾病(WRN)是一种急性肾损伤(AKI),可能由华法林和其他抗凝剂的过度抗凝引起。这是一个相对较新的疾病概念,关于肾功能的预后也没有共识。

1.背景

华法林相关肾病(WRN)是一种急性肾损伤(AKI),可能由华法林和其他抗凝剂的过度抗凝引起。这是一个相对较新的疾病概念,关于肾功能的预后也没有共识

一位73岁的慢性心房颤动患者,服用华法林进行抗凝治疗,出现AKI,血清肌酐水平为7.67mg/dL,并出现严重的大血尿。停用华法林,并开始进行血液透析。

肾活检显示肾小管内有红细胞铸型。基于这些发现,该患者被诊断为急性肾损伤的WRN。4个月后,肾功能得到改善,停止透析治疗。

我们经历了一个改善WRN引起的肾脏损伤需要很长时间的案例,在开始透析后的长期随访很重要。

 

华法林相关肾病(WRN)是一种由华法林等抗凝血剂过度作用引起的急性肾损伤。它的特点是迅速进行的肾功能障碍和严重的血尿。由于凝血功能异常,通常不进行肾活检,但如果肾功能改善不佳,可以进行肾活检以排除其他肾脏疾病。肾活检结果的特点是肾小管和Bowman囊内有大量的红细胞和红细胞石,以及肾小管的阻塞。

 

我们在此报告一例因WRN诱发的肾功能障碍而持续透析4个多月,最终肾功能得到改善的病例。

2.案例介绍

患者,男性,73岁,因急性肾损伤 (AKI) 和尿色深而入院。患有慢性房颤、心脏瓣膜病和高血压,服用华法林和抗高血压药物 3 年。最后一次检查(入院前 3 个月)显示轻度镜下血尿,无蛋白尿,血清肌酐 1.1 mg/dL 轻度肾功能不全。在入院前约 2 周注意到肉眼肉眼血尿。在入院前 5 天接受了肉眼肉眼血尿的检查,发现严重的肾功能不全。由于凝血酶原时间-国际标准化比值 (PT-INR) 升高至 3.90,华法林当时已停止使用。随后转诊至我院进行肾功能不全的诊治。

入院时,患者身高 155.6 cm,体重 49.7 kg,血压 176/94 mm Hg,体温 36.8°C。体格检查未发现肺部和腹部有任何异常,但在心尖部可听到收缩期杂音。检测到轻度腿部水肿。尿量每天313毫升,颜色为红褐色。

实验室检查结果如下:血清肌酐为 7.67 mg/dL,估计肾小球滤过率 (eGFR) 为 6.0 mL/min/1.73 m 2,血清钾为 6.0 mEq/L,C 反应蛋白 (CRP) 为0.69 毫克/分升。停用华法林后,他的 PT-INR 降至 2.2。患者抗中性粒细胞胞质抗体、抗肾小球基底膜抗体和抗核抗体均为阴性。C3、C4等血清补体浓度在正常范围内。尿蛋白肌酐比值(UP/U-Cr)为6.6 g/Cr,尿沉渣每高倍视野(HPF)含红细胞超过100个。计算机断层扫描显示右肾肿胀,无尿路梗阻。

怀疑是由于 WRN 引起的 AKI,并跟踪患者观察停用华法林后肾功能是否有所改善。然而,血清肌酐水平升至 9.0 mg/dL,且在住院第 6 天仍持续少尿,因此开始进行血液透析。肾功能和尿量没有改善,因此在住院第28天进行了肾活检以进行鉴别诊断。

组织学分析显示,6.3% (1/16) 的肾小球显示出整体硬化,12.5% (2/16) 的肾小球显示系膜细胞增殖(图 1A、B)。在一个肾小球中观察到基底膜增厚(图 1C)。在 24 个肾小管中观察到红细胞管型和出血(图 1D)。IgA 和 C3 显示出轻微的沉积。电子显微镜显示上皮下水肿和无电子致密沉积物。根据这些组织学发现,患者被诊断为 AKI 伴 WRN。系膜增生性肾炎可能是一种潜在疾病。

肾活检标本的光镜检查结果:A,PAS 染色,B,HE 染色,C,PAM 染色,D,HE 染色

 

华法林相关肾病通常会在过度抗凝期间诱发 AKI。然而,即使停用华法林,肾功能也没有改善,因此进行了分流手术,并继续进行血液透析。他在住院第 56 天出院,并在他家附近的诊所继续进行血液透析。他到我们的门诊医院检查肾功能的变化。

发病后2个月,尿量约400mL,继续透析。发病4个月时尿量约1000mL,血肌酐1.65mg/dL(透析后次日验血),再次入院试图停止血液透析。发病后 157 天,他从透析中撤出,血清肌酐水平为 1.8-2.0 mg/dL,体重控制良好。他开始服用依度沙班治疗慢性心房颤动,没有复发 AKI 和肉眼血尿。发病 187 天后,他因心脏病接受了手术(二尖瓣置换术、三尖瓣瓣环成形术和迷宫手术)。手术后,他的肾功能暂时下降,之后有所好转。发病1年后,肾功能有所改善, 2)。

MVR,二尖瓣置换术;TAP,三尖瓣瓣环成形术

3.讨论

华法林相关肾病是一种 AKI,可能由华法林和其他抗凝剂过度抗凝引起。也被称为抗凝剂相关肾病 (ARN)。Wheeler 等人报道,肾小球滤过屏障的破坏会导致出血进入鲍曼氏间隙和肾小管。1红细胞管型在肾小管中形成,导致梗阻和缺血。据报道,除华法林以外的维生素 K 拮抗剂也会引起 WRN。3凝血酶是一种维生素 K 依赖性凝血因子,可结合并激活在包括内皮细胞在内的多种细胞中表达的蛋白酶激活受体 (PAR)。据推测,抗凝剂引起的凝血酶水平降低会导致内皮屏障破坏,从而导致肾小球出血。1

华法林相关肾病的危险因素包括年龄、糖尿病、心脏病、高血压和慢性肾病,据报道WRN的发生与死亡率有关。4 , 5在以前的队列研究中,ARN 的频率范围从 19.3% 到 63.0%。6还有一份报告称,服用华法林的患者急性 AKI 的发生率高于接受新型口服抗凝剂 (NOAC) 的患者。7适当控制抗凝剂很重要,尤其是慢性肾病患者。在本案中,风险因素被认为是高龄、慢性心脏病、慢性肾病和高血压。改用 NOAC 依度沙班后没有复发。

一旦病因消除,AKI 患者的肾功能通常会迅速改善。如果肾功能不全持续很长时间,往往会导致慢性肾病。一旦需要肾脏替代治疗 3 个月或更长时间,AKI 的 RIFLE 分类是“终末期肾功能衰竭”。8在大多数 WRN 患者中,血清肌酐在过度抗凝后的几周内稳定或改善。7然而,一些患者的肾功能可能几乎没有恢复。事实上,在上面引用的研究中,在经活检证实为 WRN 的 9 名患者中,有 5 名患者没有恢复之前的肾功能。2

在本例中,WRN 经肾活检证实,患者明显少尿,需要血液透析直至发病后 3 个月。但发病4个月后肾功能明显好转,可脱离血液透析。与本例一样,之前有报道称因 WRN 继续进行血液透析,但在 6-10 周后因肾功能改善而停止透析。9 , 10与其他 AKI 相比,WRN 可能会延迟肾功能的改善。虽然其确切原因尚不清楚,但可能涉及改善肾小管物理阻塞所需的时间。

同样,已知横纹肌溶解与肾小管阻塞相关并导致急性肾损伤。在这种疾病中,确切机制尚未阐明,肌红蛋白与 Tamm-Horsfall 蛋白形成复合物阻塞肾小管并导致肾缺血和氧化应激。11在华法林相关肾病中,红细胞阻塞肾小管。这种差异可能会影响从肾脏损伤中恢复所需的时间。

在之前的一份报告中,WRN 导致终末期肾功能衰竭和继续透析;然而,目前还没有报道,描述了在引入透析后很长一段时间内观察到肾功能。由于这是一个相对较新的疾病概念,肾功能的预后尚无共识,未来需要积累更多病例。WRN 引起的肾功能障碍可能会随着时间的推移而改善,透析开始后的长期随访很重要。

参考文献:

1.Wheeler DS, Giugliano RP, Rangaswami J. Anticoagulation-related nephropathy. J Thromb Haemost. 2016;14:461-467.

2.Brodsky SV, Satoskar A, Chen J, et al. Acute kidney injury during warfarin therapy associated with obstructive tubular red blood cell casts: a report of 9 cases. Am J Kidney Dis. 2009;54:1121-1126.

3. Golbin L, Vigneau C, Touchard G, et al. Warfarin-related nephropathy induced by three different vitamin K antagonists: analysis of 13 biopsy-proven cases. Clin Kidney J. 2017;10(3):381-388.

4.Brodsky SV, Nadasdy T, Rovin BH, et al. Warfarin-related nephropathy occurs in patients with and without chronic kidney disease and is associated with an increased mortality rate. Kidney Int. 2011;80:181-189.

5.An JN, Ahn SY, Yoon C-H, et al. The occurrence of warfarin-related nephropathy and effect on renal and patient outcomes in Korean patients. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e57661.

6. Aquino Moura KB, Behrens PMP, Pirolli R, et al. Anticoagulant-related nephropathy: systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Kidney J. 2019;12(3):400-407.

7.Brodsky S, Eikelboom J, Hebert LA. Anticoagulant-related nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2018;29(12):2787-2793.

8.Bellomo R, Ronco C, Kellum JA, Mehta RL, Palevsky P, Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative workgroup. Acute renal failure - definition, outcome measures, animal models, fluid therapy and information technology needs: the Second International consensus conference of the acute dialysis quality initiative (ADQI) group. Crit Care. 2004;8:204-212.

9.Larpparisuth N, Cheunsuchon B, Chawanasuntorapoj R, Vasuvattakul S, Vareesangthip K. Warfarin related nephropathy: the first case report in Thailand. J Med Assoc Thai. 2015;98(2):212-216.

10.Abt AB, Carroll LE, Mohler JH. Thin basement membrane disease and acute renal failure secondary to gross hematuria and tubular necrosis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2000;35(3):533-536.

11.Bosch X, Poch E, Grau JM. Rhabdomyolysis and acute kidney injury. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(1):62-72.

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    2022-03-19 f62078

    膜性肾病要求华法林抗凝,到底用什么

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    2022-01-08 yese
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    2021-06-03 一闲
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    2021-06-01 ms8000001256175175

    学习

    0

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    2021-06-01 妖孽只在夜里哭

    学习

    0