J Infect Dis:接种水痘疫苗会降低老年人带状疱疹的发病率吗?

2021-11-20 医路坦克 MedSci原创

虽然带状疱疹的发病率低于水痘,但它经常与潜在的致衰性并发症有关,如带状疱疹后神经痛和葡萄膜炎,造成相当大的健康和经济负担。

     水痘-带状疱疹病毒(VZV)是一种人类甲型疱疹病毒,大多数人通常在儿童时期感染。VZV的原发感染会产生水痘(水痘),这通常是一种良性疾病。VZV在神经元中仍然潜伏,并可能在以后的生命中重新激活,导致带状疱疹。一旦个人达到50岁,患带状疱疹的风险随着年龄的增长而急剧增加;带状疱疹的其他风险因素包括性别、种族和免疫抑制。虽然带状疱疹的发病率低于水痘,但它经常与潜在的致衰性并发症有关,如带状疱疹后神经痛和葡萄膜炎,造成相当大的健康和经济负担。

     1965年,Hope-Simpson假设VZV的重新激活是受免疫控制的,这种免疫控制是通过暴露于水痘(即外源性增强)和/或先前的亚临床VZV重新激活事件(即内源性增强)周期性地增强的。介导保护带状疱疹的免疫机制的确切性质仍然不清楚。因此,根据目前的知识,不能使用任何特定的免疫学措施来证明保护性增强作用。然而,任何与带状疱疹相关的免疫学结果的增加,无论其对带状疱疹的保护作用如何,都提供了免疫机构遇到VZV并受到刺激(即经历了亚临床再感染)的证据。相反,任何免疫学指标的不增加都会增加免疫系统没有充分暴露于VZV的可能性,这意味着也不可能发生外源性增强作用。因此,对免疫学结果的测量可以提供有关VZV暴露的充分性的重要信息

     Brisson等人观察到,与有儿童(VZV暴露的替代者)相比,没有儿童的成年人带状疱疹发病率更高。构建了一个数学模型,该模型预测了引入水痘疫苗后,由于外源性增强作用的减少,带状疱疹发病率将显著增加。即使保护性的外源性增强现象是有效的,只有在水痘流行环境中水痘暴露的频率明显高于控制良好的水痘的情况下,水痘发病率的降低才可能导致带状疱疹人群水平的重要增加。换句话说,即使在水痘流行的环境中,普通人群中经历受影响家庭中强烈和长期接触水痘的成人比例可能太小,无法有效控制带状疱疹。

    几个国家已经实施了普遍的水痘疫苗接种,导致水痘发病率显著下降,特别是在接种两剂的情况下。然而,对外源性增强假说的担忧继续在考虑引入普遍水痘疫苗的决策者中引起谨慎。通过这种事后分析,我们改变了来自多国随机临床带状疱疹疫苗试验的数据的用途,以确定普遍的水痘疫苗接种计划是否减少了VZV暴露和随后的外源性增强的机会,评估方法是将VZV特异性免疫结果作为VZV暴露的标志物的流行率进行评估。

    方法:在一项大型多国临床试验(ZOE-50,NCT01165177)中,我们重新调整了来自安慰剂接受者的数据的用途。根据水痘疫苗接种方案的特点,将各国归类为高、中或低VZV传播量。抗VZV抗体几何平均浓度、VZV特异性CD4 T细胞的中位数频率和VZV特异性CD4 T细胞频率增加的个体百分比在不同国家和集群之间进行了比较。对CMI数据也进行了使用不同数量的时间点和不同阈值的敏感性分析。

    结果:17个国家(12个高循环,2个中等循环,3个低循环)的VZV特异性体液免疫在不同国家间差异显著(P<0.0001),但不受VZV循环的影响。来自两个高循环国家的参与者与一个低循环国家的参与者之间的VZV特异性CMI没有显著差异。在3/5的敏感性分析中,CMI的增加在VZV高循环国家更为常见(0.03≤p<0.05)。

    总而言之,我们评估了体液和CMI,以确定在水痘流行广泛的国家与普遍接种疫苗和良好控制水痘的国家,50岁的≥成年人接触水痘病毒是否更常见,但没有发现一致的差异。

 

文献来源:Carryn S,  Cheuvart B,  Povey M, No consistent evidence of decreased exposure to varicella-zoster virus among older adults in countries with universal varicella vaccination.J Infect Dis 2021 Oct 05;

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    2021-11-21 查查佳佳

    大影响人们的生活质量。大多数LSS患者表

    0

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    2021-11-21 yx1156

    好文章,必须学习!

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    2021-11-20 weigq

    ???

    0

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