Arthritis Res Ther:羟氯喹可加重狼疮性肾炎并发急性肾损伤。

2022-03-25 从医路漫漫 MedSci原创

狼疮肾炎(LN)是肾脏炎症的一种形式,是系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)的常见和严重并发症,其特征是蛋白尿、血尿,甚至肾功能损害。LN可导致终末期肾病(ESRD),是SLE的主要死亡原因。

背景:狼疮肾炎(LN)是肾脏炎症的一种形式,是系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)的常见和严重并发症,其特征是蛋白尿、血尿,甚至肾功能损害。LN可导致终末期肾病(ESRD),是SLE的主要死亡原因。在过去的十年中,越来越多的临床证据表明,抗疟疾药物,主要是羟基氯喹(HCQ),在治疗LN方面显示出显著的有效性和安全性。一些权威的指南,如KDIGO和EULAR/ACR,建议除皮质类固醇和免疫抑制剂外,HCQ作为LN的基本治疗方法。从机制上讲,HCQ在溶酶体中蓄积,使其pH值升高,导致溶酶体蛋白分解受损,从而抑制自身抗原提呈,抑制内体T样受体信号转导,减少促炎细胞因子的产生,从而抑制免疫细胞介导的炎症反应。

   除免疫系统外,HCQ还在其他器官中蓄积,特别是那些富含溶酶体的器官,如肾脏。这些器官中的HCQ浓度是血液中的几十倍。肾近端小管上皮细胞(PTECs)主要参与滤过蛋白和其他肾小球滤液的重吸收,含有高水平的溶酶体。在LN相关的大量蛋白尿的情况下,PTECs由于大量的尿蛋白重吸收而表现出蛋白质超载,这增加了PTEC溶酶体的降解负担。此外,自噬在应激条件下诱导PTECs的适应性反应,以维持细胞的动态平衡,而溶酶体则是自噬途径的关键末端。

    我们以前的研究表明,自噬-溶酶体途径的激活在PTECs对尿蛋白的反应中是必不可少的,氯喹(CQ)抑制自噬-溶酶体途径促进了尿蛋白对PTEC的损伤。如上所述,严重蛋白尿是LN的常见临床表现,过度抑制溶酶体可加重伴有严重蛋白尿的LN患者的PTEC损伤。此外,LN患者容易发生急性肾损伤(AKI),这是导致肾脏预后不良和死亡的重要危险因素。在过去的十年中,许多研究表明,PTECs的自噬激活对AKI具有保护作用,而CQ抑制自噬-溶酶体途径则促进了AKI的发生。

目的:因此,我们推测HCQ在伴有大量蛋白尿的LN中可能是一把双刃剑:HCQ可能通过抑制免疫细胞溶酶体而减轻肾脏免疫性炎症损伤,但也可能通过抑制溶酶体降解和扰乱PTECs的保护性自噬而加重肾脏损伤。因此,有必要澄清盐酸奎宁对LN的最终肾脏影响。

方法:对自发性严重蛋白尿的雌性MRL/LPR LN小鼠给予HCQ,每日1次,连续4周。此外,MRL/LPR蛋白尿型狼疮性肾炎小鼠在预先给予HCQ 2周后,造成顺铂诱导或单侧缺血/再灌流(I/R)诱导的急性肾损伤(AKI)。

结果:正如预期的那样,HCQ治疗提高了LN小鼠的存活率,降低了血清肌酐水平,改善了肾脏损害,并抑制了肾间质炎症。意外地,HCQ预给药显著增加并延缓了LN并发AKI的易感性和恢复,表现为PTEC凋亡和肾小管损伤标志物KIM-1的表达增加,以及PTEC的补充受阻。HCQ通过将细胞阻滞在G1/S期抑制PTECs的增殖,并上调细胞周期抑制因子的表达。此外,HCQ预先给药可阻断PTEC自噬-溶酶体途径,加速PTEC衰老。

图1  HCQ加重AKI后蛋白尿型LN小鼠的肾脏损伤。顺铂AKI致蛋白尿性狼疮性肾炎小鼠肾脏PAS染色图像及免疫组织化学染色。B顺铂AKI对蛋白尿性狼疮小鼠存活率的影响。顺式+生理盐水组(n=16)和顺式+盐酸组(n=18)。顺铂诱导AKI后蛋白尿性狼疮小鼠的c-Scr水平。D定量分析顺铂诱导AKI后蛋白尿型狼疮性肾炎小鼠的肾脏损伤评分。蛋白尿型狼疮性肾炎小鼠肾组织Kim-1的蛋白印迹分析。用免疫印迹法定量分析顺铂诱导急性肾小球肾炎后蛋白尿性狼疮小鼠肾组织中Kim-1的表达。蛋白尿性狼疮性肾炎小鼠肾I/R后肾组织KIM-1的免疫组织化学染色及G代表PAS染色图像。H定量分析蛋白尿型狼疮性肾炎小鼠急性肾损伤的肾脏损伤评分。蛋白尿性狼疮性肾炎小鼠肾组织KIM-1的I定量分析。蛋白尿性狼疮性肾炎小鼠肾组织KIM-1的蛋白印迹分析。蛋白印迹定量分析蛋白尿LN小鼠AKI后Kim-1的表达。每一条代表平均值±扫描电子显微镜。顺铂诱导的AKI实验,每组均在7只以上;I/R诱导的AKI实验,每组在各时间点均在5只以上。**P<0.001,**P<0.01。原始放大率×200

图2  HCQ延缓AKI后蛋白尿性狼疮小鼠的肾脏修复。蛋白尿型狼疮性肾炎小鼠肾组织E-钙粘附素的免疫组织化学染色。蛋白尿性狼疮性肾炎小鼠肾脏E-钙粘附素的定量分析。蛋白尿型狼疮性肾炎小鼠肾脏E-钙粘附素的Western blotting检测。蛋白尿性狼疮性肾炎小鼠肾组织E-钙粘附素表达的免疫印迹定量分析。蛋白尿型狼疮性肾炎小鼠急性肾损伤后E代表免疫组织化学染色及肾组织增殖细胞核抗原和Ki67染色。蛋白尿型狼疮性肾炎小鼠肾组织增殖细胞核抗原和Ki67的F,G定量分析。蛋白尿性狼疮小鼠肾脏增殖细胞核抗原的免疫印迹分析。免疫印迹法定量分析蛋白尿性狼疮小鼠肾脏增殖细胞核抗原的表达。J CCK-8分析对HK-2细胞增殖的影响。K CFSE染色和流式细胞仪检测HK-2细胞。每条代表平均值±扫描电子显微镜,每组在每个时间点超过5只小鼠。**P<0.001,**P<0.01。原始放大率×200

图3在LN治疗中,HCQ是一把双刃剑。HCQ可以保护肾脏免受狼疮相关的免疫炎症损害,但长期应用HCQ治疗严重的蛋白尿性LN可能通过扰乱自噬-溶酶体途径和加速PTECs的细胞衰老而增加AKI的易感性。

结论:HCQ治疗虽能改善LN相关的肾脏免疫介导性炎症损害,但仍可增加LN并发AKI的易感性,延缓其恢复。其机制可能与自噬-溶酶体途径阻断和衰老促进促进PTECs的凋亡和抑制增殖有关。

原文出处:An N,  Yang C,  Wu HL,et al.Hydroxychloroquine administration exacerbates acute kidney injury complicated by lupus nephritis.Arthritis Res Ther 2022 01 03;24(1) 

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    2022-10-11 丁鹏鹏
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    2022-03-24 zhaojie88
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1972792, encodeId=69a419e27923f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8a6a2e8839' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Arthritis#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=2788, encryptionId=8a6a2e8839, topicName=Arthritis)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTIibticIBly5jCSic5ZElW4He3rO4DMpUHUFaFX57OicNMnzckWaicBNeStwugWHFCuOdicoakApM4HGmtw/132, createdBy=f8672500006, createdName=ms6390871039024434, createdTime=Sat Dec 24 12:41:14 CST 2022, time=2022-12-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1758431, encodeId=3ec91e58431ae, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=84ba49031f9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#并发#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=49031, encryptionId=84ba49031f9, topicName=并发)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a27e37327108, createdName=丁鹏鹏, createdTime=Tue Oct 11 08:41:14 CST 2022, time=2022-10-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1357895, encodeId=e218135e895c4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b0702e84b9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ART#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=2784, encryptionId=b0702e84b9, topicName=ART)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4c37265, createdName=zhaojie88, createdTime=Thu Mar 24 09:41:14 CST 2022, time=2022-03-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1387521, encodeId=ac98138e52161, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8a3a6814425' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#狼疮#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=68144, encryptionId=8a3a6814425, topicName=狼疮)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7a6e2500005, createdName=sunrural_42825357, createdTime=Thu Mar 24 09:41:14 CST 2022, time=2022-03-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1398309, encodeId=a5751398309e5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8bee565436d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#损伤#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=56543, encryptionId=8bee565436d, topicName=损伤)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/DYAIOgq83eoNX3lUOlDKGBUEPNwZx0nibmdcFyeibnX4WMhUSCU2REpGRWtSmnT2CCs0dA5waxvJknYDxwtYnIcQ/132, createdBy=294e2500218, createdName=ms3046638856685384, createdTime=Thu Mar 24 09:41:14 CST 2022, time=2022-03-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1532325, encodeId=689e153232585, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=10b5825e4aa' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肾炎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=82574, encryptionId=10b5825e4aa, topicName=肾炎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=84df12331144, createdName=villahu, createdTime=Thu Mar 24 09:41:14 CST 2022, time=2022-03-24, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
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    2022-03-24 villahu

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