Sci Rep:免疫细胞自我分泌miRNA的新型抗肿瘤免疫疗法

2018-12-06 佚名 转化医学网

随着基因芯片等技术的发生,研究人员已经认识到大部分miRNA在肿瘤的发生及转移过程中至关重要的作用。但是,有谁会想到这种奇妙的微小RNA会成为一种抗癌利器呢?而且这种抗癌方式还令人匪夷所思。

随着基因芯片等技术的发生,研究人员已经认识到大部分miRNA在肿瘤的发生及转移过程中至关重要的作用。但是,有谁会想到这种奇妙的微小RNA会成为一种抗癌利器呢?而且这种抗癌方式还令人匪夷所思。近日,来自加利福尼亚大学的Hannah Carter教授率领的研究团队将miRNA的前体作为一种抗癌“武器”导入进人体的B细胞内,使B细胞能够分泌含有此种miRNA的囊泡,而这些miRNA在识别肿瘤细胞后,则可以发生抑制肿瘤生长的作用。这项研究结果发表于最新的《Scientific Reports》杂志。

癌症免疫疗法能够激活患者自身的免疫系统增强其免疫效应进而发挥攻击肿瘤细胞的作用,这种疗法已经显示出针对某些癌症的巨大治疗潜力。然而,免疫疗法并不是对每个人都起作用,在对某些类型的肿瘤进行治疗时会产生可能会严重的副作用。加利福尼亚大学圣地亚哥分校医学院的研究人员将分泌抗体的B细胞转变为装配和分泌含有microRNA囊泡“合成工厂”。一旦这些囊泡被癌细胞内化,这些小RNA就会抑制肿瘤的生长。在小鼠实验中,使用这种方法治疗的乳腺肿瘤比未经治疗的显着减小。

加州大学圣地亚哥分校医学院免疫学实验室Maurizio Zanetti教授表示,“随着这一技术的进一步发展,这种方法或可用于免疫疗法不起作用的肿瘤类型当中。该疗法的优点是其治疗范围是局部的,这意味着其副作用可能会更少。由于其持久的疗效,患者在进行一次注射后无需再进行其他的注射,这大大减少了患者的痛苦”。

微小RNA其实并不编码蛋白质。相反,microRNA通过结合mRNA,抑制加速mRNA的降解,进而抑制相关蛋白质的翻译过程。正常细胞利用microRNA来调节的基因在不同时间的表达情况。微小RNA在肿瘤细胞中的活性往往较低,这可能导致相关蛋白质的转录过程被上调。

在这项研究中,Zanetti的团队使用了miR-335,这是一种特异性抑制SOX4的microRNA,SOX4是一种促进肿瘤生长的转录因子。他们在实验室中为人体的B细胞导入了miR-335前体。一旦这些前体进入B细胞的内部,B细胞会将前体转化为成熟的且具有活性miR-335并将其包装成囊泡。每个B细胞每天可以产生100,000个含miR-335的囊泡,足以抑制10个肿瘤细胞。

根据Zanetti的说法,这种疗法可以通过两种方式得以实现。一种方法是收集B细胞培养液中的囊泡,向患者仅注射囊泡。二是将转化好的囊泡直接转入进患者体内。现在的挑战是研发一种能够确保B细胞或囊泡尽可能识别肿瘤的方法。在某些类型的癌症中这很容易实现,但很多癌症很难实现。 Zanetti及其同事目前正致力于改善这种药物的输送系统,最大限度地提高效率并减少其副作用。

Zanetti表示,“在理想情况下,未来我们将这套药物传输系统用于人体实验,随后检测这些患者是否有miR-335的过表达情况并检测其对SOX4的抑制作用”。

总结这篇文章,我们不难发现,这个新的抗癌疗法主要有两个关键点。一是发现能够抑制肿瘤生长的miRNA及其下游的作用原件。文章中其实一大亮点是发现miR-335通过抑制下游SOX4分子的表达进而起到抑制整个肿瘤生长的租用。另一关键点则是构建了B细胞这一miRNA体内扩增“工厂”,相比第一个研究关键点,这一个发明未来更具通应性,其给各国研究者提供了一个全新的药物输送及体内扩增系统,一般药物只能依赖体外注射,而这套系统则依赖B细胞产生抗体的功能,将miRNA的前提大量扩增,进而实现靶向SOX4的miR-335的大量扩增。另外,研究人员这里也巧妙的利用了细胞的内吞作用,B细胞将加工成熟的miRNA包裹在囊泡内,这些囊泡随着血液系统进入肿瘤组织,由于肿瘤组织内miR-335的表达大大下调,进入肿瘤细胞内的囊泡便可上调胞内的miR-335水平,进而发挥抑制肿瘤的作用。

因此,未来应用该项传输扩增技术,其实也存在一定的局限性。首先必须明确肿瘤细胞内哪种小编码RNA(circRNA、piRNA、miRNA)的表达被下调,同时这种下调会促进或抑制某一下游分子的转录进而促进肿瘤的生长。因此,除了已明确的miR-335与SOX4,研究者还需继续筛选可用的靶向非编码RNA。这种具有前景的传输系统可以根据患者的基因检测结果更换导入的miRNA类型,进而实现对患者的个体化治疗,这也是精准医学未来发展的一个缩影。

原始出处:

Rodvold1, Brian Tsui , Kristen Jepsen, Hannah Carter. Extracellular vesicles produced in B cells deliver tumor suppressor miR-335 to breast cancer cells disrupting oncogenic programming in vitro and in vivo.Scientific Reportsvolume 8, Article number: 17581 (2018)

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    2019-09-15 smallant2002
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    2019-02-03 gwc392
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    2018-12-08 Homburg
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近年来,免疫疗法在治疗癌症方面取得了突破性的进展,它不仅可以预防癌症的发生,通过强化人体的免疫能力,也可能将其击退。通过强化人体免疫力而对付癌症,就是目前世界上盛行的“免疫疗法”。 免疫疗法是利用免疫系统来治疗疾病的一种重要手段。免疫疗法目前分特异性和非特异性两类,处在研究和开发阶段的主要免疫疗法有:DNA疫苗、NK细胞免疫疗法、PD-1/PD-L1抗体、CAR-T 技术等。

Nature Medicine:翻盘!多余脂肪悖论:肥胖虽然促发癌症,但却有助于癌症免疫疗法

“我们并没有推荐将肥胖作为改善癌症患者的预后。但肥胖诱导免疫抑制,促进肿瘤生成的作用机制,似乎真的可以通过检查点抑制剂免疫疗法逆转,翻盘。”

Cell:新型免疫疗法:抗癌能力大大增加

目前,癌症治疗的三大主要疗法是外科手术、抗癌剂、放射能,而作为第四种治疗法的免疫疗法,由于其反应速度快、副作用小等优点,近年来愈发引人注目。

2018年全球癌症免疫疗法研发趋势

2011年,ipilimumab治疗黑色素瘤适应症的批准标志着癌症免疫治疗(immuno-oncology)革命的开端,并且在近年来逐渐改变了癌症治疗的模式。自此之后,又有11个癌症免疫疗法被批准,很快成为多种癌症的标准疗法。为了解癌症免疫疗法的快速进展,2017年Cancer Research Institute发表了癌症免疫疗法的概况。近日,CRI的Jun Tang等学者在《Nature

Cell:突破,升级版CRISPR筛选工具成功改造免疫细胞,并提高其抗癌能力

杀伤性T细胞在免疫介导的癌症、传染病和自身免疫疾病的控制中发挥核心作用。诸如免疫检查点抑制剂和细胞治疗等免疫疗法正在彻底改变癌症治疗方法。然而,尽管在一些患者中有显着效果,但多数患者对免疫疗法没有反应。要将免疫疗法扩展到目前仍然难以治愈的常见癌症,仍有许多工作要做。

NEJM:重磅!治愈三阴性乳腺癌!免疫疗法再显神威!

来自英国伦敦玛丽皇后大学的研究人员通过将免疫疗法与传统化疗相结合的方法,将三阴性乳腺癌患者的生存期延长了10个月之久,其最新的研究成果发表于近期的《新英格兰杂志》当中。