探寻真实世界研究的真谛

2015-12-16 张丹仪 美国华斯泰生命策略研究所 中国医学论坛报

如果将政府的医疗预算比作一个大水池,把医疗技术和产品比作水,当水注入水池的速度超出水池扩大的速度时,就需要选择性地流放出一部分陈旧的水,以保证新的水可以不断注入而不至于溢出水池。国际上,医疗技术飞速发展,新产品、新药品不断涌现,疾病预防和治疗可选途径随之大幅度增加,这就必须对医疗手段做多方比较,做取舍选择,这种比较和选择,不是基于医疗手段自身的安全性和有效性,而是基于整体医疗过程中的临床效果、

如果将政府的医疗预算比作一个大水池,把医疗技术和产品比作水,当水注入水池的速度超出水池扩大的速度时,就需要选择性地流放出一部分陈旧的水,以保证新的水可以不断注入而不至于溢出水池。国际上,医疗技术飞速发展,新产品、新药品不断涌现,疾病预防和治疗可选途径随之大幅度增加,这就必须对医疗手段做多方比较,做取舍选择,这种比较和选择,不是基于医疗手段自身的安全性和有效性,而是基于整体医疗过程中的临床效果、经济效益和患者的反应,这种在真实临床条件下比较和选择医疗手段的过程,便是真实世界研究(RWR)。

真实世界研究的发展简介

在欧州和美国,对于一项新上市的医疗产品,特别是医药产品,生产厂家必须证明其与市场上现有类似诊治手段相比较后,所显示出的在经济效益上的优势,才能被医疗保险机构和各医疗服务机构接受并广泛使用。

而近几年,除经济效益之外,在非干预的情况下,也就是说在“真实世界”里,反映的临床效果以及患者反馈信息,也已经成为“实效证据”的一部分,影响着一个医疗手段是否能被广泛接纳,是否能有“市场渗入”。这包含了临床效果、患者回馈、经济效益3个方面的评估,在欧美和其他一些国家被称为“医疗技术评估”,该类评估目前正被各医疗机构广泛使用,用来提高医疗诊治质量。

美国国家老人保险机构(Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services,CMS)通过临床RWR所显示的实证,对于某些不按照医疗指南和途径所作的医疗服务,采取拒绝给予报销的制度,迫使医疗机构和医务人员重视医疗质量和规范。

真实世界研究的种类

根据华斯泰生命策略研究所 (VitalStrategic Research Institute)多年来在RWR领域的工作经验,总结RWR种类有以下几方面。

RWR的名称繁多,“观察性研究(observational research)”、“预后(结果)研究(outcomes research)”、“非干预研究(non interventional research)” 、“流行病学研究(epidemiology study)” 、“上市后研究 (Ⅳ期研究)(post marketing surveillance or phase Ⅳstudy)”、“登记研究(disease or product registry)”、“产品安全性研究(pharmac vigilance study)”等。

根据主要研究目的和形式,RWR大致分为 前瞻性研究、回顾性研究和荟萃分析研究;而前瞻性研究从方法学上包括登记研究、群体研究、比较性效益研究和患者回馈研究等。

从应用角度,RWR可以包括:

①临床效果研究 (观察代表临床效果的医疗指征),这种研究可以观察多个临床介入手段的实际效果,也可以观察多个时间段的变化,多个地区之间的区别,以及在某种设定条件下的实际临床效果;

②经济效益研究(评估为达到相同程度临床效果所需要的资源),这种研究考量的是一个医疗手段(例如新药、手术方法、诊断方法等)对管理某病种的常规预算所产生的影响(budget impact),这种影响可以由资源节省或资源利用等概念来显示;

③流行病学研究 (观察在某种条件下的原发病发病率,并发症发病率,发病或病情蔓延影响因子等);

④患者回馈调查研究(了解患者对某些治疗手段的直感反应,包括症状效果、副作用、便利性、生活质量指数等),在一定规范条件下执行的患者回馈研究(patient reported outcomes)结果可以经包括美国食品与药物管理局这样的药物审批机构认可,列为新药的特征之一。

回顾性研究,顾名思义,是通过已经积累的数据和证据,归纳总结相关信息。过去在电子医学不够发达的年代,手写病历记录查询往往是人们用来了解在一定人群中某种疾病治疗结果的一个主要方法。但是在电子病历记录(Electronic medical record,EMR)日渐完善的今天,EMR 将给医疗信息管理和医疗技术评估带来巨大的影响。

真实世界研究的局限性和发展

局限性 

首先,这是一种观察性研究。从方法论来讲,一项RWR由于含有很多变量,多种观察目的,其统计结果的决断性会受到一定限制,因此研究的结果具有参考价值,有时并非决定性最终结果;从操作角度来讲,由于样本量大,参加研究人员多,研究项目所采取的数据采集方法以及数据质量控制和管理是考证该研究质量的关键所在。

其次,一项RWR如果是纵向的,患者随访管理是一大挑战和关键。中国心血管代谢病系列队列研究(CCMR)中,有3项研究要求随访门诊患者1~3年。为减少患者失访率,根据国内医疗环境和流程,参考国际研究经验,采用多种创新性方法,既保证患者随访率又增加患者对研究的理解和观望。

展望 

我国有必要利用真实世界研究来观察提高医疗质量,并对医疗产品临床和经济价值加以评估。

推动影响研究的因素包括:

①国家食品药品监督管理总局(CFDA)规定,在我国申办上市的医疗产品,需要同时有效益证据,而这些证据需要通过RWR获得,这对RWR的发展产生很大影响;

②国家人力资源和社会保障部要求,新的医疗产品生产厂家在对省市级医院进行覆盖时,必须证明新手段更具效益,才能列入医保名单,这也会影响厂家对RWR的投入,这两项政策会在很大程度上影响实效研究的推广;

③面对市场上众多的治疗手段,临床医生要求生产方提供具有实际指导意义的对比性证据,也会推动实效研究的普及;

④患者的医疗选择权,医疗服务也是提供消费的一种手段,患者作为消费者,需要效益信息进行选择和衡量,如果通过RWR,进行“以价值观为衡量标准的医疗消费”,患者可有目的地选择医疗服务内容,医疗服务机构要对各种治疗手段的结果进行准确评估,并对每种医疗服务获得的差异性结果进行说明, 向患者提供包括各种治疗手段的费用、性价比在内的完整信息,由患者将其作为一项消费来进行判断。

RWR同RCT的区别

从文献上看,我国很早就有临床医生和研究者采用了RWR这种前瞻性方法来认证临床问题,但至今未能普及。究其原因,关键在于没有明确循证医学的“证”的概念,代表性的误解是只有随机双盲临床研究(RCT)得出的结果才是“证”。其实,现实中很少有临床研究中所模拟的那种环境,例如限制患者在某年龄段、无其他并发症等,这种假定环境往往与临床实际相去甚远,因此,RCT很难真实反映患者的情况和医疗措施的适用性。

与RCT相比,RWR样本量大,涉及大群体,反映患者在真实医疗环境下,观察具体医疗干预和实际操作后的最终临床结果,其研究结果对临床医生的参考性更强,患者的体会也更直接。虽然两种研究所获得的结果都是证据,但是RCT所获得的是试验性数据,RWR所获得的是真实数据。RCT需要回答的问题是“是否有效和安全”;RWR所回答的问题是“能否有效作为医疗手段”。

RWR的临床作用举例——CCMR

由于RWR数据全部来自临床实际,因此其数据对医生和患者都更有实用意义,由中国医师协会和华斯泰生命策略研究所联合进行的“中国心血管代谢病系列队列研究(CCMR)”就是大型RWR的一个典型例子。2009年开始,CCMR在全国连续开展了4项大型前瞻性RWR。参加这些研究的医院和医生,不仅包括被国家医药管理局指定为研究基地的三甲医院,同时包括众多的二级医院和社区医院。这样的研究所观察的是,各地区各种类的医院及各相关科室的临床医务人员,如何对具有不同医疗特征的患者做出临床判断和诊治并决定相应的临床效果。

中国医师协会内分泌代谢科医师协会前任主委纪立农教授,在2011 年中华医学会年会上介绍CCMR系列研究结果时曾指出,在2型糖尿病患者中,有为数众多的高血糖、高血脂、高血压的“三高”患者不知道自己出现了“三高”。在接受观察的2.54 万例糖尿病患者中,只有将近10%的患者同时控制好了“三高”, 通过这项研究,我们认识到,治疗糖尿病需要改变思路, 需要类似这样的研究信息通过鉴定和发表后,可为临床医生提供可能对临床实践的效果或效益有直接影响的参考,可能被纳入医生再教育内容。

以往临床判断多以经验为主导,而在医疗技术发展迅速的今天,临床判断更需要循证而行。这要求临床指南根据鉴定过的信息不断更新判断,而广大临床医生不断根据更新的指南作出实践的决策。

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    2016-11-15 pangshiwei

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    2016-11-15 pangshiwei

    二楼的:我建议还是要找到真实世界研究的核心要素,你知道样本量不是关键

    0

  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=155936, encodeId=ab88155936dd, content=?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=84, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=67ce42087, createdName=pangshiwei, createdTime=Tue Nov 15 17:24:13 CST 2016, time=2016-11-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=155935, encodeId=74d2155935c0, content=二楼的:我建议还是要找到真实世界研究的核心要素,你知道样本量不是关键, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=83, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=67ce42087, createdName=pangshiwei, createdTime=Tue Nov 15 17:23:42 CST 2016, time=2016-11-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=56813, encodeId=16975681388, content=好文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160113/IMG569619FEB03536446.jpg, createdBy=85f81678980, createdName=Lynee劲飞扬, createdTime=Wed Jan 13 11:50:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=48341, encodeId=90a948341d9, content=好文章,值得看。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=143, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=bc301610909, createdName=hixiaoluo, createdTime=Sat Dec 26 16:31:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=47404, encodeId=a9054e40494, content=加油, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=161, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ded71629504, createdName=nizongzan, createdTime=Thu Dec 24 07:18:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1295152, encodeId=64a91295152ac, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=0425e2636b8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#真实世界#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=72636, encryptionId=0425e2636b8, topicName=真实世界)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=5b34252, createdName=chenshujs, createdTime=Fri Dec 18 00:56:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=46449, encodeId=0752464495b, content=怎么设计小样本的真实世界研究, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6d9077449, createdName=lpapple, createdTime=Wed Dec 16 22:54:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=46423, encodeId=ff7f464238f, content=不懂, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=81, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=df9e1651052, createdName=三三五五, createdTime=Wed Dec 16 21:20:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-16, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-01-13 Lynee劲飞扬

    好文章

    0

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    2015-12-26 hixiaoluo

    好文章,值得看。

    0

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    2015-12-24 nizongzan

    加油

    0

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  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=155936, encodeId=ab88155936dd, content=?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=84, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=67ce42087, createdName=pangshiwei, createdTime=Tue Nov 15 17:24:13 CST 2016, time=2016-11-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=155935, encodeId=74d2155935c0, content=二楼的:我建议还是要找到真实世界研究的核心要素,你知道样本量不是关键, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=83, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=67ce42087, createdName=pangshiwei, createdTime=Tue Nov 15 17:23:42 CST 2016, time=2016-11-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=56813, encodeId=16975681388, content=好文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160113/IMG569619FEB03536446.jpg, createdBy=85f81678980, createdName=Lynee劲飞扬, createdTime=Wed Jan 13 11:50:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=48341, encodeId=90a948341d9, content=好文章,值得看。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=143, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=bc301610909, createdName=hixiaoluo, createdTime=Sat Dec 26 16:31:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=47404, encodeId=a9054e40494, content=加油, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=161, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ded71629504, createdName=nizongzan, createdTime=Thu Dec 24 07:18:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1295152, encodeId=64a91295152ac, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=0425e2636b8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#真实世界#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=72636, encryptionId=0425e2636b8, topicName=真实世界)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=5b34252, createdName=chenshujs, createdTime=Fri Dec 18 00:56:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=46449, encodeId=0752464495b, content=怎么设计小样本的真实世界研究, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6d9077449, createdName=lpapple, createdTime=Wed Dec 16 22:54:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=46423, encodeId=ff7f464238f, content=不懂, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=81, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=df9e1651052, createdName=三三五五, createdTime=Wed Dec 16 21:20:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-16, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-12-16 lpapple

    怎么设计小样本的真实世界研究

    0

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    2015-12-16 三三五五

    不懂

    0

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