非外伤性3种急腹症的CT分析

2018-05-26 林晓珠 唐磊 初艳龙 新乡医学影像

非外伤性3种急腹症的CT分析

肠梗阻


1.临床概述

指肠内容物不能运行通过的疾病,肠梗阻分为机械性、动力性和血运性3类。①机械性:分单纯性和绞窄性肠梗阻,单纯性只有肠管通过障碍,无血液循环障碍;绞窄性同时有肠道通过障碍和血液循环障碍。②动力性:分为麻痹性和痉挛性肠梗阻,肠管本身无器质性病变。③血运性:见于肠系膜血栓形成或栓塞,有血液循环障碍和肠肌运动功能失调。

2.CT表现

①单纯性肠梗阻:扩张肠管与远端正常或塌陷肠管之间的移行区域,移行带处能显示肠梗阻的病因,肠粘连移行带处肠腔变细,呈鸟嘴状狭窄,管壁无增厚;肿瘤性病变移行带处可见软组织肿块影和肠腔不规则狭窄;粪石性肠梗阻可以发现移行带肠腔内的类圆形或椭圆形混杂密度团块的粪石,内散在斑点状不均匀气体样密度影,呈花斑状或蜂窝状结构。

②绞窄性肠梗阻:积气、积液扩张的肠祥、肠系膜血管以梗阻部位为中心呈放射状分布,肠管周围及腹腔间隙内有较多的渗出积液,与闭祥肠管内液体共同衬托出淤血水肿的肠壁。增强后肠壁黏膜强化减弱,水肿的肠壁呈分层状改变,横断面显示为靶征;肠壁全层不强化提示肠壁坏死,预后不良。

③麻痹性肠梗阻:大小肠均普遍性扩张积气,气体多,液体少,全部大肠积气,多次检查肠管形态改变不明显及没有移行带是本病的特征。



3.肠梗阻的诊断需要明确:
   
是否有梗阻存在、梗阻的部位、梗阻的程度、梗阻的病因、有无闭祥和绞窄的判断。

①肠梗阻的诊断依据:小肠扩张积气积液,可见气液平。

②梗阻部位的判断:根据肠曲扩张和液平面的部位及肠黏膜皱襞的特点可以判断肠梗阻的大致部位。

③梗阻程度:完全性肠梗阻梗阻点以下肠腔内无积气和液平面;不全肠梗阻,梗阻点以下肠腔内可显示少量积气和积液。

④梗阻病因诊断:观察移行带的出现,可以初步判断为粪石、肿瘤、肠套叠、肠扭转等,移行带未出现则应考虑粘连致肠梗阻。

⑤闭祥或绞窄的判断:扩张肠祥及肠系膜血管以梗阻部位为中心呈放射状分布则考虑为闭祥性肠梗阻;肠壁增厚,肠壁强化减弱,局限性肠系膜改变则为肠缺血表现,提示绞窄性肠梗阻。

胃肠道穿孔

1.临床概述

常继发于溃疡、创伤和肿瘤,胃十二指肠穿孔为最常见的原因,临床表现为骤然起病,持续性上腹剧痛,不久可波及全腹,扪及腹肌紧张,全腹压痛、反跳痛等腹膜刺激症状。

2.CT表现

腹腔游离气体、腹膜炎症、腹水、穿孔局部管壁不规则,境界不清,周围脂肪层模糊,邻近脂肪间隙内有小气泡影。



急性肠系膜缺血性病变

1.临床概述

急性肠系膜缺血性病变主要包括肠系膜上动脉栓塞、肠系膜上动脉血栓形成和肠系膜上静脉血栓形成,临床上表现为血运性肠梗阻、肠壁缺血缺氧,产生充血、水肿、出血、坏死及肠壁穿孔。

2.CT表现

①直接征象:肠系膜血管栓塞

a.平扫时肠系膜上动脉密度增高,增强后肠系膜上动脉不强化或部分充盈缺损。

b.平扫肠系膜上静脉增粗,密度增高或减低,边缘模糊,远侧较细;增强后肠系膜上静脉内可见充盈缺损,密度明显低于腹主动脉和下腔静脉。

②间接征象

a.肠壁增厚:最典型的是环形增厚。

b.肠壁变薄,肠管扩张:肠壁变薄提示预后不良。

c.肠系膜血管缆绳征、肠系膜积液和腹水:肠系膜血管充血水肿表现为扇形缆绳状增粗,边缘毛糙。

d.肠壁气肿、肠系膜静脉内、门静脉内积气、腹腔游离气体

e.肠壁强化变化:典型表现为强化减弱、不强化或延迟强化,广泛或局部肠壁无强化是肠缺血的一个较为特异的征象。


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  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2022364, encodeId=9f322022364bf, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=cfef42e57fa' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#外伤性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=42757, encryptionId=cfef42e57fa, topicName=外伤性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/xkicoVBAnV4HxvdCqC1viaW8wdLQdN9hVP9icgqqDsxC6UVPjfhogdfc2iaU1xNUMVlFl5QicicWrjWQBTsVye5ngOQQ/132, createdBy=f92f2500185, createdName=ms7405317358118777, createdTime=Thu Apr 25 10:31:00 CST 2019, time=2019-04-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=320372, encodeId=9df93203e240, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160724/IMG5794947965DD66089.jpg, createdBy=fa631714605, createdName=如草, createdTime=Thu May 31 23:32:56 CST 2018, time=2018-05-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=319553, encodeId=1fc73195535d, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c3da1990174, createdName=yfjms, createdTime=Tue May 29 06:41:38 CST 2018, time=2018-05-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1428560, encodeId=ef71142856087, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8d2b525354a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#急腹症#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=52535, encryptionId=8d2b525354a, topicName=急腹症)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=07ae4095227, createdName=qblt, createdTime=Mon May 28 07:31:00 CST 2018, time=2018-05-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=318973, encodeId=07033189e304, content=学习了.谢谢, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=67, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/10/23/557c1f19aaf5459a8405411e38903c4b.jpg, createdBy=dfc02088287, createdName=cscdliu, createdTime=Sun May 27 08:33:33 CST 2018, time=2018-05-27, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-05-31 如草

    学习了

    0

  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2022364, encodeId=9f322022364bf, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=cfef42e57fa' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#外伤性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=42757, encryptionId=cfef42e57fa, topicName=外伤性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/xkicoVBAnV4HxvdCqC1viaW8wdLQdN9hVP9icgqqDsxC6UVPjfhogdfc2iaU1xNUMVlFl5QicicWrjWQBTsVye5ngOQQ/132, createdBy=f92f2500185, createdName=ms7405317358118777, createdTime=Thu Apr 25 10:31:00 CST 2019, time=2019-04-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=320372, encodeId=9df93203e240, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160724/IMG5794947965DD66089.jpg, createdBy=fa631714605, createdName=如草, createdTime=Thu May 31 23:32:56 CST 2018, time=2018-05-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=319553, encodeId=1fc73195535d, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c3da1990174, createdName=yfjms, createdTime=Tue May 29 06:41:38 CST 2018, time=2018-05-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1428560, encodeId=ef71142856087, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8d2b525354a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#急腹症#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=52535, encryptionId=8d2b525354a, topicName=急腹症)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=07ae4095227, createdName=qblt, createdTime=Mon May 28 07:31:00 CST 2018, time=2018-05-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=318973, encodeId=07033189e304, content=学习了.谢谢, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=67, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/10/23/557c1f19aaf5459a8405411e38903c4b.jpg, createdBy=dfc02088287, createdName=cscdliu, createdTime=Sun May 27 08:33:33 CST 2018, time=2018-05-27, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-05-29 yfjms

    学习

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2022364, encodeId=9f322022364bf, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=cfef42e57fa' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#外伤性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=42757, encryptionId=cfef42e57fa, topicName=外伤性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/xkicoVBAnV4HxvdCqC1viaW8wdLQdN9hVP9icgqqDsxC6UVPjfhogdfc2iaU1xNUMVlFl5QicicWrjWQBTsVye5ngOQQ/132, createdBy=f92f2500185, createdName=ms7405317358118777, createdTime=Thu Apr 25 10:31:00 CST 2019, time=2019-04-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=320372, encodeId=9df93203e240, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160724/IMG5794947965DD66089.jpg, createdBy=fa631714605, createdName=如草, createdTime=Thu May 31 23:32:56 CST 2018, time=2018-05-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=319553, encodeId=1fc73195535d, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c3da1990174, createdName=yfjms, createdTime=Tue May 29 06:41:38 CST 2018, time=2018-05-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1428560, encodeId=ef71142856087, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8d2b525354a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#急腹症#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=52535, encryptionId=8d2b525354a, topicName=急腹症)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=07ae4095227, createdName=qblt, createdTime=Mon May 28 07:31:00 CST 2018, time=2018-05-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=318973, encodeId=07033189e304, content=学习了.谢谢, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=67, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/10/23/557c1f19aaf5459a8405411e38903c4b.jpg, createdBy=dfc02088287, createdName=cscdliu, createdTime=Sun May 27 08:33:33 CST 2018, time=2018-05-27, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-05-28 qblt
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2022364, encodeId=9f322022364bf, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=cfef42e57fa' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#外伤性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=42757, encryptionId=cfef42e57fa, topicName=外伤性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/xkicoVBAnV4HxvdCqC1viaW8wdLQdN9hVP9icgqqDsxC6UVPjfhogdfc2iaU1xNUMVlFl5QicicWrjWQBTsVye5ngOQQ/132, createdBy=f92f2500185, createdName=ms7405317358118777, createdTime=Thu Apr 25 10:31:00 CST 2019, time=2019-04-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=320372, encodeId=9df93203e240, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160724/IMG5794947965DD66089.jpg, createdBy=fa631714605, createdName=如草, createdTime=Thu May 31 23:32:56 CST 2018, time=2018-05-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=319553, encodeId=1fc73195535d, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c3da1990174, createdName=yfjms, createdTime=Tue May 29 06:41:38 CST 2018, time=2018-05-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1428560, encodeId=ef71142856087, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8d2b525354a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#急腹症#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=52535, encryptionId=8d2b525354a, topicName=急腹症)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=07ae4095227, createdName=qblt, createdTime=Mon May 28 07:31:00 CST 2018, time=2018-05-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=318973, encodeId=07033189e304, content=学习了.谢谢, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=67, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/10/23/557c1f19aaf5459a8405411e38903c4b.jpg, createdBy=dfc02088287, createdName=cscdliu, createdTime=Sun May 27 08:33:33 CST 2018, time=2018-05-27, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-05-27 cscdliu

    学习了.谢谢

    0