患儿后纵隔巨大肿瘤全麻术中纵隔肿瘤综合征加重一例

2019-11-08 刘馨 李星寰 左云霞 临床麻醉学杂志

患儿,女,5岁,13.5kg,ASAⅣ级,因“咳嗽、发现左侧胸腔巨大占位1周”入院。家属诉其活动耐量较同龄人弱,活动后气促,无心悸、晕厥史。入院查体:体温36.3℃,HR128次/分,RR34次/分,BP97/56mmHg。桶状胸,胸骨抬高。左肺语颤增强,叩诊呈实音,听诊呼吸音减弱。心尖搏动点位于第五肋水平前正中线以左4.5 cm,心律齐,各瓣膜区未闻及杂音。胸部增强CT:左侧胸腔巨大软组织肿块影

患儿,女,5岁,13.5kg,ASAⅣ级,因“咳嗽、发现左侧胸腔巨大占位1周”入院。家属诉其活动耐量较同龄人弱,活动后气促,无心悸、晕厥史。入院查体:体温36.3℃,HR128次/分,RR34次/分,BP97/56mmHg。桶状胸,胸骨抬高。左肺语颤增强,叩诊呈实音,听诊呼吸音减弱。心尖搏动点位于第五肋水平前正中线以左4.5 cm,心律齐,各瓣膜区未闻及杂音。胸部增强CT:左侧胸腔巨大软组织肿块影(11.1 cm×9.1 cm),不均匀强化,左肺大面积受压,部分肺不张,纵隔向右移位。左后纵隔巨大占位:神经源性肿瘤?(图1)心电图:窦性心律,正常心电图。实验室检查:去甲肾上腺素1914ng/L,肾上腺素276ng/L。余未见特殊。拟在全麻下行“纵隔占位切除术”。


图1 患儿术前胸部的CT扫描图
 
患儿13:30由其母抱入手术室,HR120次/分,BP107/68mmHg,RR38次/分,SpO296%,安静配合吸氧5min后行保留自主呼吸的诱导插管。诱导药物:静脉给予咪达唑仑1mg,芬太尼10μg,从1%逐渐增加七氟醚吸入浓度至3%,5min后分别以2%利多卡因2ml经喉麻管实施咽喉部表面麻醉和环甲膜穿刺注射。于可视喉镜下顺利插入ID5.0mm气管导管,深度16 cm,听诊双肺呼吸音同插管前。术中维持患儿自主呼吸,VT100~150ml。行足背动脉及中心静脉穿刺置管,监测ABP及CVP,初始值分别为115/62mmHg及11mmHg。
 
手术14:50开始,开胸前静脉推注芬太尼15μg后,患儿自主呼吸停止,手控通气下气道压力达30~40mmHg,VT30~50ml,SpO2降至90%。请外科医师立即消毒开胸后,气道压力降低,VT恢复至117ml,故转为机控呼吸维持,采用压力控制的同步间歇指令通气(SIMV-PCV)模式,设置吸气压力20 cmH2O,支持压力20 cmH2O,呼气末正压4 cmH2O。开胸后尝试用琥珀酰胆碱10mg打断自主呼吸,患儿ABP降至55/32mmHg,CVP18mmHg,HR116次/分,RR25次/分,SpO2再度降至82%,考虑肿瘤塌陷压迫到心脏及肺,嘱手术医师抬起肿瘤缓解压迫,静脉予去甲肾上腺素2μg并以0.1μg·kg-1·min-1持续泵注,ABP维持在90~110/50~70mmHg。
 
待SpO2渐恢复后外科医师以手托举肿瘤,继续小心分离及切除,依据ABP调整去甲肾上腺素泵速在0.1~0.3μg·kg-1·min-1。肿瘤取出后ABP迅速降至46/31mmHg,CVP9mmHg,HR103次/分,立即静滴羟乙基淀粉注射液,静脉推注去甲肾上腺素2μg,ABP持续降至最低39/28mmHg,再次静脉予去甲肾上腺素2μg、肾上腺素5μg、甲泼尼龙琥珀酸钠20mg,ABP回升至51/46mmHg,此时VT185ml,RR22次/分,SpO282%。调整呼吸机吸气压力13 cmH2O,增加去甲肾上腺素泵速为0.3~0.5μg·kg-1·min-1、联合泵注肾上腺素0.1~0.3μg·kg-1·min-1,并适当退管至15 cm后,ABP升至95/45mmHg,HR112次/分,SpO2恢复100%,RR23次/分。
 
测动脉血气示:pH7.28,PCO2 42.2mmHg,PO2 165.4mmHg,HCO-3 19.4mmHg,BE-6.81mmol/L,Glu9.9mmol/L,Hb76.7g/L,Na+133mmol/L,K+4.13mmol/L,乳酸1.2mmol/L。由于Hb低于正常值,予输注红细胞悬液2U。麻醉全程共输注晶体液300ml、胶体液200ml,出室时尿量50ml。术中见肿瘤大小约15 cm×10 cm,向周围推挤左肺、纵隔,与胸壁、脊柱、主动脉粘连紧密。手术结束后患儿生命体征平稳,HR108次/分,ABP95/52mmHg,RR20次/分,SpO2100%,听诊双肺呼吸音粗,未闻及干湿啰音,带气管导管、泵血管活性药送入PICU。
 
患儿于PICU各项监测指标基本正常,术后第1天停用血管活性药并予气管拔管,随后转回普通病房并康复出院。术后第4天去甲肾上腺素460ng/L,肾上腺素111ng/L。复查胸片见左肺复张良好。术后病理:节细胞神经母细胞瘤。
 
讨论
 
目前对纵隔巨大肿瘤无统一定义,多数研究以肿瘤累及多个纵隔区域或占据一侧胸腔超过2/3为标准。纵隔肿瘤综合征(mediastinal mass syndrome,MMS)指由纵隔占位引起的心肺大血管受压的一系列表现,如咳嗽、喘息、呼吸困难、晕厥、发绀、心律失常甚至心跳骤停等,症状轻重不一且变化迅速。本例肿瘤占据左侧胸腔远超过2/3,应诊断为纵隔巨大肿瘤;患儿术前有咳嗽、活动耐量较同龄人降低、呼吸急促等,可考虑诊断MMS。参考成人MMS危险分层,其仰卧位时无明显症状,血流动力学基本稳定,胸部CT示呼吸道受压程度>50%,术中风险“不确切”。
 
为了降低侧卧位时肿瘤从上方压迫心肺的风险,选择仰卧位为手术体位。纵隔巨大肿瘤可压迫肺组织及呼吸道,影响全身氧合,气道管理是此类手术麻醉关注的一大重点。肌松药一方面可降低肌张力而加重肿块对呼吸道的压迫,另一方面自主呼吸抑制后由于胸内压过高可造成正压通气困难,因此推荐轻度镇静、保持自主呼吸的慢诱导插管或清醒插管。虽然肺隔离、实施单肺通气理论上更利于外科操作,但本例肿瘤占据大部分左侧胸腔,左肺大面积受压不张,单肺通气意义不大。
 
由于患儿入室吸空气时SpO2为96%,术前肺功能受损已有体现,考虑其年龄及心理承受能力,在镇静、镇痛、表面麻醉下保留自主呼吸,慢诱导完成单腔管插管。开胸前拟加强镇痛给予芬太尼后,患儿出现呼吸抑制,控制通气困难,考虑为胸内压过高而跨肺压差过低所致。外科医师迅速开胸,降低胸内压后,通气困难得到缓解,也印证了我们的推断。
 
本例患儿的经验提示,此类手术外科医师需从麻醉诱导开始在床旁等待,随时准备开胸减压;如果外科医师没有准备好,可立即给予纳洛酮或纳美芬拮抗阿片类药物的呼吸抑制作用。我们曾有膈疝患儿以此方法成功恢复自主呼吸而缓解了通气困难。本例术中开胸后为了减少反常呼吸和纵隔摆动,尝试给予短效肌松药,立即导致MMS加重,表现出呼吸循环障碍,SpO2降低和严重低血压,可能与肿瘤塌陷直接压迫肺和心脏大血管有关。外科医师即刻托举肿瘤减轻压迫,同时以血管活性药物支持循环功能,方才度过危险期。
 
纵隔巨大肿瘤术中发生如此严重MMS较少见,如果处理不及时或不得当,可能发生心跳停止。从中得到的经验教训是即使在开胸后也不要轻易使用肌松药,当自主呼吸不能提供完善氧合时,可调整呼吸机为SIMV-PCV模式辅助通气。由于左肺长期受压不张,血管通透性增加、肺表面活性物质减少、表面张力大,切除肿瘤后可能出现急性复张性肺水肿,术中参考CVP控制输液量及输液速度,同时酌情使用少量糖皮质激素以预防。另外,术后适当延迟拔管可为受压肺组织及呼吸道恢复功能争取一定时间,起到保护作用。
 
本例纵隔肿瘤诊断为节细胞神经母细胞瘤,术前血中儿茶酚胺水平有一定程度的增加,切除肿瘤过程中ABP虽没有明显升高,但在肿瘤切除后ABP大幅降低,可能与儿茶酚胺的降低有关。因此,此类患儿围术期管理中血管活性药的准备、ABP及CVP的监测十分必要。
 
综上所述,患儿巨大纵隔肿瘤术前可能MMS症状不明显,但在麻醉期间有病情加重风险,需正确应对。对于术前心肺压迫症状明显的高风险MMS,有必要提前在局麻下暴露股动静脉,在紧急情况下立即插管实施心肺转流。此种方法多应用于前纵隔肿瘤的治疗,但在后纵隔肿瘤中也有报道。
 
原始出处:

刘馨,李星寰,左云霞.患儿后纵隔巨大肿瘤全麻术中纵隔肿瘤综合征加重一例[J].临床麻醉学杂志,2018,34(11):1142-1143.

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患有阿斯伯格综合征的男孩被误认为是高智商的孩子

什么是阿斯伯格综合征?阿斯伯格综合征(又称阿斯伯格综合征)是一种发育障碍,通常被称为轻度自闭症。基本上,患有阿斯伯格综合征的人几乎是正常的,但是在不同的人身上有不同的表现。我认识一个患有斯珀格氏症的人,他能很快学会一门新语言(对语言非常聪明),但不能很好地与人交流,而且经常不假思索地做事。患有阿斯伯格综合征的人可能会表现出以下特征:看起来粗鲁、不合群、怪异、不好、刻薄等;不总是干净的,但有干净和有

四川雅安人民医院通报女婴被输错药:患儿将转院,责任人停职

针对“一女婴被错输药物”一事,四川省雅安市人民医院官方微博7月3日发布情况说明称,院方原开具“还原型谷脱甘肽”等药物进行治疗,因工作人员失误,误为患儿输注“乙酰谷酰胺”。患儿将转上级医院进行检查治疗。同时,责令相关责任人停岗停职,根据后续调查情况作严肃处理。说明称,杨某之女,3月龄,26日因“转氨酶高及巨细胞病毒感染”到雅安市人民医院儿科门诊就诊,开具“还原型谷脱甘肽”等药物进行治疗。因工作人员失

丁酰胆碱酯酶异常的麻醉处理——患儿血浆胆碱酯酶减少致呼吸延迟1例

患儿男,10岁,身高148 cm,体重50kg,2015年1月行斜视矫正术。既往2009年11月行斜视手术,无特殊情况记录,手术及全身麻醉均未见特殊情况。本次住院化验检查中碱性磷酸酶212U/L(正常值45-125U/L),胆碱酯酶97U/L(正常值4 000-13 000U/L),余未见异常。

北京第二批紧密型儿科医联体启动,两个中心方便患儿就近诊治

6月14日,澎湃新闻从北京市医院管理中心举办的北京儿童医院清华长庚诊疗中心、首都儿科研究所同仁诊疗中心签约挂牌仪式上获悉,北京市第二批紧密型儿科医联体正式启动。“北京儿童医院清华长庚诊疗中心”挂牌成立后,北京儿童医院将选派知名专家到北京清华长庚医院全职出诊,重点帮助清华长庚医院儿科提高诊疗水平,联合培养儿科人才。将在清华长庚医院开设“贾立群儿童超声工作室”,知名超声专家贾立群将帮助清华长庚医院筹建

川崎病患儿的TNF-α阻滞剂干预与安慰剂或其他治疗的比较

川崎病(Kawasaki disease,KD)是一种急性血管炎症,主要影响6个月至5岁的儿童。川崎病的标准医疗管理包括静脉注射丙种球蛋白(IVIG)加阿司匹林。这种标准治疗通常是有效的,但对大约15%-20%的儿童无效。当治疗无效时,儿童可能会患上严重的心脏病。最近,研究人员发现,肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)阻断剂可能对标准疗法尚未治愈的川崎病儿童有效。然而,我们仍然不清楚TNF-α阻滞剂治疗