邱录贵教授:靶向治疗时代,acalabrutinib或能为CLL患者带来更好的治疗选择

2019-11-21 佚名 肿瘤资讯

慢性淋巴细胞白血病(CLL)是一种异质性疾病,Bruton酪氨酸激酶(BTK)抑制剂的问世为CLL治疗带来突破性进展。Acalabrutinib是新型二代BTK抑制剂剂,目前已获美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)批准用于套细胞淋巴瘤。在12月初即将召开的美国血液学会年会(ASH)期间,将有多项CLL重要研究结果公布,其中也包括acalabrutinib的相关研究进展。

慢性淋巴细胞白血病(CLL)是一种异质性疾病,Bruton酪氨酸激酶(BTK)抑制剂的问世为CLL治疗带来突破性进展。Acalabrutinib是新型二代BTK抑制剂剂,目前已获美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)批准用于套细胞淋巴瘤。在12月初即将召开的美国血液学会年会(ASH)期间,将有多项CLL重要研究结果公布,其中也包括acalabrutinib的相关研究进展。

新药叠出促CLL走进靶向治疗时代

当前国际在CLL方面研究得非常深入。上个月于英国爱丁堡召开的第20届国际慢性淋巴白血病工作组(iwCLL)大会上公布了许多最新研究进展。CLL无论是在基础研究、诊断还是治疗方面,进展都十分迅速。在治疗方面,CLL已进入靶向治疗时代。九十年代前,CLL治疗主要以烷化剂苯丁酸氮芥为基础;九十年代后,随着氟达拉滨、利妥昔单抗的先后出现,CLL治疗开始进入免疫化疗时代,包括应用于年轻患者的FCR方案、应用于老年患者的苯丁酸氮芥联合利妥昔单抗或利妥昔单抗联合COP方案等。随后,又出现了人源化CD20单抗,如苯丁酸氮芥与GA101(Obinutuzumab)联合作为老年CLL患者的治疗方案。由于上述治疗进展,CLL治疗的近期有效率和长期生存率均得到了显着改善。

近十几年,随着我们对以CLL为代表的惰性B细胞淋巴瘤分子发病机制的了解,我们知道B细胞受体信号通路激活和下游相关激酶活化是CLL发病的重要分子机制,针对这些关键激酶开发出了一系列的小分子靶向药物,其中最有代表性的为BTK抑制剂(如伊布替尼)以及PI3Kδ抑制剂,并且已在临床中显示出很好的疗效。除了BTK抑制剂之外,还有一个非常重要的药物进展就是BCL2抑制剂venetoclax,在CLL、套细胞淋巴瘤和滤泡淋巴瘤等惰性淋巴瘤中也显示出非常好的效果。总的来说,目前包括CLL在内的惰性淋巴瘤的治疗已经进入分子靶向治疗时代。

靶向治疗时代,FCR方案仍是部分CLL患者的优选方案

去年美国血液学会年会(ASH)公布了3项伊布替尼治疗CLL的相关大型临床试验,主要涉及老年患者、年轻患者的治疗以及一线方案优劣性的比较,结果证实无论是青年患者、老年体弱患者还是高危患者,伊布替尼均表现出很好的优越性。基于研究的良好结果,今年美国国立综合癌症网络(NCCN)第3版指南将伊布替尼单药作为CLL年轻及年老患者的一线方案推荐。而在中国,考虑到当前的基本经济水平,应用伊布替尼单药治疗作为优选方案时需要慎重,因为伊布替尼需长期持续服药。另外,相关研究也显示对于预后良好的CLL患者,在无进展生存、总生存及总体治疗反应方面,伊布替尼单药或联合利妥昔单抗治疗并不优于FCR方案,而有限(4-6)疗程的FCR方案对于年轻、无高危因素的CLL患者甚至有潜在治愈的可能性。有研究通过中位时间超过12年的随访发现,近90%的无预后不良因素的CLL患者无病生存时间超过10年,可以说达到了临床治愈。因此,我个人认为FCR方案对年轻非高危的CLL患者而言更是优先推荐。

二代BTK抑制剂acalabrutinib在CLL治疗中疗效突出

除了刚刚提到的一代BTK抑制剂伊布替尼,新型的二代BTK抑制剂也在陆续研发或上市,比如国内即将上市的zanubrutinib(泽布替尼)以及阿斯利康公司研发的acalabrutinib(阿卡替尼)。一项II期临床研究显示,对于伊布替尼不耐受或使用中出现疾病进展或复发/难治的CLL患者,acalabrutinib均显示出很好的疗效,有效率超过70%,其中约5%的患者可达完全缓解。对于伊布替尼不耐受的患者,更换为acalabrutinib后,不良反应减少。ACE-LY-308随机对照研究显示,acalabrutinib在复发/难治性CLL患者中的疗效明显优于苯丁酸氮芥联合利妥昔单抗。当前,NCCN指南已经将acalabrutinib列为复发/难治CLL治疗的一类推荐。

即将召开的ASH会议将公布2项关于acalabrutinib非常重要的临床研究:一项是acalabrutinib一线治疗老年合并P53突变或缺失的CLL患者,另一项是应用acalabrutinib治疗初治CLL患者。第二项研究是将苯丁酸氮芥联合GA101作为对照组,与acalabrutinib单药或联合GA101(AG方案)进行疗效比较。据悉,该研究结果喜人:AG方案IRC评估的总有效率(ORR)为94%(89.3%~96.5%),完全缓解(CR)率为13%,acalabrutinib单药组的ORR为85%,1例获得CR。相比之下,对照组的有效率80%左右,很少有患者达到完全缓解。

虽然不是头对头的临床试验设计,但与iLLUMINATE研究结果相比,AG方案较伊布替尼联合GA101(IG方案)疾病进展风险下降,并且在深度缓解和完全缓解率方面,AG方案的结果更优。

另外,acalabrutinib在临床研究中也表现出良好的安全性。例如,上述临床试验显示AG方案房颤发生率约3%,而在iLLUMINATE试验中,IG方案房颤发生率12%左右。就此结果而言,acalabrutinib或许为患者带来了更安全有效的BTK抑制剂选择,患者可从中获得更多受益。

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    2020-09-17 lishizhe
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Lancet:acalabrutinib用于治疗复发性/难治性套细胞淋巴瘤的效果和安全性。

Bruton酪氨酸激酶是一种经过评估临床验证的套细胞淋巴瘤的治疗靶点。Acalabrutinib(ACP-196)是高选择性的、Bruton酪氨酸激酶强效抑制剂。Michael Wang等人进行一非盲的2期研究,评估acalabrutinib用于复发性/难治性套细胞淋巴瘤患者的治疗效果和安全性。研究人员招募复发性/难治性套细胞淋巴瘤患者,予以口服acalabrutinib(100mg 2次/日),