胶质母细胞瘤进展:新途径可避开血脑屏障,显著延长生存期

2020-01-19 转网 转化医学网

肿瘤免疫治疗的发展给多种不治之症的治疗带来了新希望,但大脑独特的免疫环境将大多数治疗药物拦截在外,导致该疗法在GBM治疗领域裹足不前。近日,耶鲁大学的研究人员发现了一条可顺利将免疫药物送至GBM病灶的新途径。他们避开了血脑屏障的围追堵截,转而大幅度激活脑膜淋巴管系统,并将免疫治疗药物通过脑膜淋巴管输送入脑,最终成功诱导GBM内产生剧烈免疫反应,显着延长了GBM实验动物的生存期。他们指出,该途径或许

肿瘤免疫治疗的发展给多种不治之症的治疗带来了新希望,但大脑独特的免疫环境将大多数治疗药物拦截在外,导致该疗法在GBM治疗领域裹足不前。

近日,耶鲁大学的研究人员发现了一条可顺利将免疫药物送至GBM病灶的新途径。他们避开了血脑屏障的围追堵截,转而大幅度激活脑膜淋巴管系统,并将免疫治疗药物通过脑膜淋巴管输送入脑,最终成功诱导GBM内产生剧烈免疫反应,显着延长了GBM实验动物的生存期。他们指出,该途径或许可助力GBM治疗柳暗花明!

众所周知,血脑屏障可控制血浆各种溶质的选择性通透,这就可以将有害物质拒之脑组织外,使之不能逸出脑毛细血管,因此,血脑屏障是维持中枢神经系统内环境稳定的结构基础,在保证中枢神经系统正常机能活动中发挥重要作用。然而,这层屏障对“有害物质”的判别不会因大脑环境的改变有太大波动。正常情况下,药物自然是“外来者”,将其拦截无可厚非,但是,当大脑内部发生病变时,血脑屏障依旧我行我素,无论是化疗药还是免疫治疗药物都被拒之门外,甚至免疫细胞都只有少量能趁其疏忽偷溜入脑,使得脑部病变的治疗事倍功半。

血脑屏障阻碍药物和免疫细胞进入大脑其实是一种自我保护机制,是为了防止因免疫细胞浸润脑部和外来物质刺激而引发的致命性脑内炎症。但是,对GBM而言,这种作用导致多数T细胞无法到达脑内肿瘤所在的位置,使得GBM成为了“冷肿瘤”,而免疫治疗药物同样被隔绝在外无法发挥作用。也就是说,该屏障已经变成了脑癌细胞肆无忌惮的保护伞,因而多数治疗药物都只能心有余而力不足。

有研究指出,GBM也会对血脑屏障产生一定的影响,使其对免疫细胞的拦截稍有松动。这种情况下少量T细胞可在同源APC的介导下通过血脑屏障进入大脑,但是T细胞在GBM中的浸润比在其他肿瘤中更加困难,因此无法大量快速募集。虽然GBM中存在血脑屏障的破坏,使得免疫细胞的浸润相比正常脑组织更易进行,但被破坏的血脑屏障只是小部分,绝大部分的血脑屏障皆保持完整状态,因此,进入GBM的T细胞数量有限。为了保障大脑的正常功能,血脑屏障不能肆意破坏,因此,最大限度地提高GBM中现有的T细胞功能是最佳途径,首要之务就是将免疫治疗药物输送入脑。

研究人员决定另辟蹊径,谁能跳过血脑屏障呢?我们知道,大脑没有自己的淋巴网络,但是脑膜却有淋巴血管网络,即脑膜淋巴管系统。来自大脑的蛋白质和废物可通过脑膜淋巴管中的淋巴液运输到脑脊液(CSF),而脑脊液又可以通过脑膜循环回到脑组织,而这个过程,是可以直接越过血脑屏障的,这就是跨血管清除。那么,能否通过这一途径实现药物甚至免疫细胞向大脑的运输呢?



VEGF-C与免疫检查点抑制剂联用成功移植GBM

脑膜淋巴管系统多在个体出生后不久在血管内皮生长因子C(VEGF-C)的刺激下形成。研究人员先将VEGF-C引入没有药物治疗的GBM小鼠的脑脊液中,发现脑部肿瘤的T细胞反应水平一定程度增加,这就意味着脑膜淋巴管系统的活化可促进T细胞向大脑的转移。而当VEGF-C与免疫系统检查点抑制剂联合使用时,GBM小鼠脑脊液中可检测到令人满意的免疫药物浓度,T细胞反应剧烈,小鼠的生存期显着延长。这就意味着VEGF-C对脑膜淋巴管系统的高水平活化有助于免疫检查点抑制剂对GBM的靶向作用。

这项研究为GBM免疫治疗开拓了一个新的研究方向,将药物递送方式从“穿过血脑屏障”中解放出来,转而“绕过血脑屏障”,为提高免疫治疗疗效、减少毒副作用提供更多选择,有望让GBM的免疫治疗柳暗花明。假以时日,这些结果或许可成为GBM患者摆脱病魔的新希望,我们静待佳音。

参考文献:

Eric Song, et al.VEGF-C-driven lymphatic drainage enables immunosurveillance of brain tumours.Nature (2020).

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    药物如何绕过血脑屏障作用于癌细胞

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