中枢神经细胞瘤影像1例

2018-12-04 佚名 影像园

患者,女,30岁,头痛一周入院。神经查体未见明显阳性体征。

【所属科室】

神经外科

【基本资料】

患者,女,30岁

临床资料】

头痛一周入院。神经查体未见明显阳性体征。

【影像图片】













【影像表现】

左侧侧脑室可见团块状占位性异常信号,宽基底与透明隔相连,边缘呈分叶状,CT呈稍高密度,中心及周围可见多发斑片状低密度影及结节样钙化影;MRI病灶呈等T1等T2信号,周围及中心可见皂泡状囊性信号,FLAIR及DWI呈高信号,增强扫描呈明显强化,可见留空血管影。
宽基底征(图3所示箭头)、皂泡征(图2所示箭头)及周围泡泡征(图4所示箭头)。
 
【病理诊断

中枢神经细胞瘤
 
【病例小结】

根据2016年WHO中枢神经系统肿瘤分类,中枢神经细胞瘤属于WHOII级神经元和混合神经元胶质瘤,好发于侧脑室,约占颅内肿瘤的0.25%~0.5%。临床常表现为梗阻性脑积水导致的非特异性颅高压症状及体征。主要见于20~3O岁的成年人,无明显性别差异。

在MR表现为分叶状病灶,与脑白质相比T1WI呈等信号,T2WI相对灰质呈等或稍高信号,DWI多呈高信号。瘤内常见囊变、钙化及血管流空影等混杂成分,瘤周水肿少见;增强扫描实质部分强化程度及方式多变。据文献报道中枢神经细胞瘤的MRI特征表现:①扇贝征,肿瘤边缘多发囊肿与扩张的侧脑室壁(波浪状)构成的类似贝壳的图案;②宽基底征,肿瘤以宽基底与透明隔或侧脑室壁相连;③皂泡征,肿瘤内部可见多发大小不一的囊肿;④周围泡泡征,肿瘤外围见多发小囊肿,伴有或不伴有肿瘤中心的囊肿;⑤液-液平面,T2WI肿瘤内囊肿的信号分界,上层多为长T2信号,下层多为短或等T2信号;⑥宝石征,增强T1WI肿瘤大部分实质轻微或无强化的背景上可见一个或多个局灶性边界清晰明显强化区。中枢神经细胞瘤边缘可见多发囊肿(周围泡泡征),因肿瘤与侧脑室壁粘连(宽基底征),加之侧脑室扩张、牵拉作用,囊肿壁表现为肿瘤边缘与侧脑室壁之间的放射状的条索结构;而侧脑室壁同时受血管结构及肿瘤本身组织粘连的牵拉作用呈现“波浪状”,二者共同构成了“扇贝”的形态。宽基底征与肿瘤的起源部位密切相关。中枢神经细胞瘤起源于透明隔小灰核细胞(胶质细胞)或室管膜下的双分化前组细胞,因此常表现为以宽基底与透明隔或侧脑室壁(特别是顶壁)相连。周围泡泡征的形成可能是因为肿瘤组织的结构较为疏松,加之侧脑室内的脑脊液因梗阻而压力升高,容易渗入肿瘤边缘组织,尤其是与侧脑室壁及透明隔粘连的部分因受到牵拉致使结构进一步疏松,更易形成沿肿瘤边缘成行排列的囊肿。液-液平面征是继发于肿瘤出血的一种征象。中枢神经细胞瘤作为良性肿瘤出血较少,因此液-液平面征的敏感度最低。中枢神经细胞瘤具有特征性强化即宝石征,其病理机制尚未明确,这可能是由于肿瘤内部存在特殊的毛细血管而导致对比剂外溢或存在均质血管团。

鉴别诊断:① 室管膜瘤:成人多见于侧脑室三角区,有沿脑室壁塑形生长的特点。易累及脑室旁脑组织;常伴囊变、坏死及钙化,增强后呈明显强化;② 脉络丛乳头状瘤:儿童好发于侧脑室三角区,成人则好发于第四脑室,多呈菜花状或圆形生长,亦可累及邻近脑实质,也可沿脑脊液播散,增强后明显强化,常合并脑积水;③ 脑室管膜下巨细胞星形细胞瘤:儿童多见,好发于侧脑室Monro孔处,常伴结节性硬化、皮脂腺瘤、癫痫、智力低下;肿瘤直径较小,2~3 cm,增强后可见明显均质强化。④室管膜下瘤,成年人或老年人男性多见,好发于四脑室及侧脑室,膨胀性生长,边界多清晰, MRI上可见多发小囊变,增强扫描无或轻度局灶性强化,DWI呈等及低信号。

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