竖脊肌平面阻滞用于腰椎切口清创术一例

2019-09-15 刘天柱 花璐 万 临床麻醉学杂志

患者,男,75岁,158 cm,87.6kg,因“间歇性跛行2年,腰部疼痛半月余”诊断为L4—L5、L5—S1腰椎间盘突出,在我院全麻下行L4—L5、L5—S1腰椎椎体融合术,术后出现切口感染,经保守治疗无明显好转,于术后第8天行切口清创术。

患者,男,75岁,158 cm,87.6kg,因“间歇性跛行2年,腰部疼痛半月余”诊断为L4—L5、L5—S1腰椎间盘突出,在我院全麻下行L4—L5、L5—S1腰椎椎体融合术,术后出现切口感染,经保守治疗无明显好转,于术后第8天行切口清创术。
 
患者术前检查无明显异常,查体:HR 81次/分、RR 13次/分、体温37 ℃、BP 145/90mmHg、SpO2 97%,神清。术前评估考虑患者重度肥胖、高龄,且既往有吸烟病史(30年,20支/天),短期内再次行全麻风险较高。
 
经过讨论,拟定麻醉方案为双侧竖脊肌平面阻滞(Erectorspinae plane block,ESPB)。患者入室后给予ECG、BP 及SpO2监测,面罩吸氧(FiO2 60%,3L/min),开放上肢静脉通道。嘱患者俯卧并自行调整体位。揭开切口纱布后检查感染渗出局限在手术切口,周围组织无明显红肿压痛。静脉注射地佐辛5mg,充分消毒,用无菌套装套住低频超声探头,并采用旁矢状位(旁开3 cm左右)进行扫查,分别找到双侧L4及L5椎体横突,采用平面内进针技术进针至横突表面,注入0.4%罗哌卡因共40ml(每个点10ml)。
 
阻滞成功后20min测量痛觉减退范围至双侧肩胛线,痛觉减退平面约为L2—S2,基本覆盖手术切口。给予右美托咪定2μg·kg-1·h-1持续泵注,患者平稳入睡,闻及鼾声后减量至1μg·kg-1·h-1,此时呼唤患者可应答。消毒、铺无菌孔单后开始手术。拆除缝线后可见伤口深达椎弓根,生理盐水、过氧化氢反复冲洗伤口,脉冲冲洗器冲洗创面,彻底清除创面失活组织,双极电凝严格止血。
 
此期间患者HR、BP均无明显变化,HR 76~85次/分、RR 12次/分、BP 108~128/70~90mmHg、SpO2 100%;手术过程顺利,未加用其他局麻药物,期间患者无体动,无其他不适主诉。手术结束前10min停止右美托咪定静脉泵注,缝皮完成后5min患者自主苏醒、翻身过床。
 
患者术后30min VAS评分0分;术后2hVAS评分0分,患者自诉双侧大腿、膝关节及小腿内侧有轻度麻木感,双下肢肌力5级;术后6h随访患者,患者一般状态良好,VAS评分0分,双下肢麻木感较前稍有加重,双下肢肌力4级;术后12h随访,VAS评分0分,双下肢麻木感较前无明显变化,肌力5级;术后24h随访,VAS评分0分,双下肢麻木感较前明显减轻,肌力5级。患者于清创术后1周痊愈出院,无麻醉相关并发症。
 
讨论 
 
本例患者因L4—L5、L5—S1腰椎融合术后发生切口感染、液化,需要俯卧体位再次行较大范围的清创术彻底清除坏死组织,充分冲洗、引流创面,常规局麻无法满足手术镇痛要求。以往此类手术的麻醉管理方式多采用全麻再次行气管内插管,机械通气,最大程度消除患者术中的疼痛感及长时间俯卧体位导致的不适。而该案例为高龄肥胖患者,且既往有长期大量吸烟史,短期内行二次全麻可能会增加围术期麻醉相关并发症的发病率。因此本例首次采用ESPB,避免全麻可能导致的并发症,完善了术中及术后镇痛,缩短住院时间,改善了患者预后,提高了患者满意度。
 
ESPB作为一种全新的筋膜间平面阻滞,最开始被Forero等用于胸部神经病理性疼痛。Ueshima等首次将ESPB应用于行胸椎椎体手术的高龄患者;截至目前暂无ESPB应用于腰椎手术的报道。基于胸腰段脊神经解剖相似性,本案例首次成功尝试双侧ESPB行脊柱手术麻醉,避免了全麻并发症,减少了术中阿片类药物使用量;另外,相较于腰麻和硬膜外麻醉,竖脊肌阻滞可间接阻滞脊神经前支,目前其机制尚不明确,有文献报道,竖脊肌阻滞时药液扩散至椎旁的3种可能通道为:脊神经后支通道、竖脊肌鞘通道、肋横突孔通道,因其药物扩散的不确定性,临床可以观察到其椎旁阻滞程度较轻,不影响术后对下肢运动功能的评估。
 
综上所述,ESPB不仅可以作为一种全新的镇痛方式,在创伤较小的后入路脊柱手术中亦可作为一种可行的麻醉方式,尤其是针对ASA分级较高的老年患者。
 
原始出处:

刘天柱,花璐,万里.竖脊肌平面阻滞用于腰椎切口清创术一例[J].临床麻醉学杂志,2018(09):933-934.

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