Nat Neurosci:少突胶质细胞参与肌萎缩侧索硬化的发病过程

2013-04-11 Nat Neurosci dxy

2013年3月31日-霍普金斯科学家称他们根据来自动物研究的证据证明一种中枢神经系统细胞而不是运动神经元在肌萎缩侧索硬化-一种致命性疾病-中扮演基本的角色。他们称,该研究有希望识别新的阻断该疾病进程的靶目标。自然神经科学在线的一项研究中发现,基因变异的小鼠繁殖导致了肌萎缩侧索硬化,少突胶质细胞-造成中枢神经系统神经绝缘的细胞-发生了巨大的变化-远在第一次疾病体征之前出现。少突胶质细胞位于运动神经元

2013年3月31日-霍普金斯科学家称他们根据来自动物研究的证据证明一种中枢神经系统细胞而不是运动神经元在肌萎缩侧索硬化-一种致命性疾病-中扮演基本的角色。他们称,该研究有希望识别新的阻断该疾病进程的靶目标。自然神经科学在线的一项研究中发现,基因变异的小鼠繁殖导致了肌萎缩侧索硬化,少突胶质细胞-造成中枢神经系统神经绝缘的细胞-发生了巨大的变化-远在第一次疾病体征之前出现。少突胶质细胞位于运动神经元-掌管运动的细胞附近。
令人意外的是,研究者还发现,抑制繁殖有ALS疾病小鼠的少突胶质细胞的ALS致病基因-但仍允许运动神经元的基因存在-极度延迟了ALS的发生。它同时延长这些老鼠的生存期3个月以上,对老鼠来的生存期限来说是很长的一段时间。这些观察结果提示少突胶质细胞在该疾病早期发挥了显著的作用。“少突胶质细胞异常似乎对运动神经元有不利影响”,约翰霍普金斯大学医学院的Dwight E. Bergles博士说,“运动神经元好像依赖于健康的少突胶质细胞而生存,这是我们之前没有重视的。这些发现让我们认识到,我们从未想过少突胶质细胞在ALS中,不仅参与了发病过程,而且在ALS的发生过程中发挥了作用”。
长久以来科学家认为少突胶质细胞仅在中枢神经系统中作为结构性元素。他们环绕着神经,组成髓鞘提供“绝缘”,使神经信号得以快速和高效传递。然而,Rothstein和其他研究者最近发现少突胶质细胞同样向神经传递基本营养物,大部分神经元需要这样的营养支持以存活。霍普金斯团队的Bergles 和Rothstein2010年发表了一篇文章,描述患ALS小鼠出乎意料的脊髓运动神经元的大面积少突胶质祖细胞增殖,且这些组细胞被动员生成新的少突胶质细胞。研究者相信这些细胞由于少突胶质细胞受损而倍增,但他们不确定正在发生什么。在新的研究中,通过基因技术追踪少突胶质细胞,研究者发现患ALS幼鼠的细胞死亡速率增加,与疾病推进相一致。此外,新形成的少突胶质细胞的发展止步不前,且不能提供具有必须细胞营养的运动神经元。
为明确少突胶质细胞的变化仅是运动神经元死亡的副作用。科学家们采用毒物杀死ALS小鼠运动神经元但未发现祖细胞有反应,提示变异ALS基因直接毁坏少突胶质细胞,Rothstein说。同时,在单独的实验中,研究人员发现在35名死于ALS患者头部组织样品中发现类似的改变。Rothstein称在疾病早期可能观察到这些改变并通过MRI技术以追踪进展。“如果我们的研究得到证实,也许我们可以不同的方式观察ALS患者,将少突胶质细胞的毁坏作为疾病进展的标志” Rothstein说。“这不仅能引起新的治疗靶点,而且能帮助我们监视我们采取的治疗方案是否真正起作用。”ALS,也称路格里克氏病,为纪念死于该病的美国篮球伟人Yankee命名,影响头部和脊髓控制随意肌运动的神经细胞。该神经细胞衰退或死亡,及不能再向肌肉发送信号,最终将导致肌肉萎缩,抽搐及不能运动手臂、脚和躯干。典型者50岁左右发病,多于确诊后3到5年内死亡。大约10%的病例是遗传性的。ALS尚无治愈方法,只有唯一一种通过FDA批准的药物,该药物对于减慢疾病进展和延长生存仅有少量作用。
研究者在最新的研究中发现,尽管之前并未想到灰质会发生髓鞘损失,大脑中神经元处理信息的一块区域, ALS患者中三分之一人大脑灰质组织的样本有髓鞘的显著损失,提示少突神经胶质细胞存在异常。在灰质中形成髓鞘的少突神经胶质细胞是否与在白质中发挥不一样的作用尚不清楚-信号中转发生在头部该领域。这项发现进一步为其他长期以来认为是聚集在头部灰质中的其他疾病的治疗提供了线索-比如阿尔茨海默病和帕金森病-也许受白质疾病研究的启示,比如多发性硬化。Bergles称ALS和MS研究者之前从未想过这两类疾病有如此多的共同之处。Bergles称,多发性硬化患者中的少突胶质细胞曾进行了严格的审查。在多发性硬化中,该疾病随着时间推移,可从缓解-复发型转变-脊髓受侵袭但现存祖细胞产生新的少突胶质细胞再形成脊髓后随即再生。MS研究者致力于确定诱导新生少突神经胶质细胞产生及改善其生存的新途径。“我们或许可以与一些相同的延缓ALS进展的治疗措施相衔接,这是有可能的。”
肌萎缩相关的拓展阅读:

Degeneration and impaired regeneration of gray matter oligodendrocytes in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes associate with axons to establish myelin and provide metabolic support to neurons. In the spinal cord of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) mice, oligodendrocytes downregulate transporters that transfer glycolytic substrates to neurons and oligodendrocyte progenitors (NG2+ cells) exhibit enhanced proliferation and differentiation, although the cause of these changes in oligodendroglia is unknown. We found extensive degeneration of gray matter oligodendrocytes in the spinal cord of SOD1 (G93A) ALS mice prior to disease onset. Although new oligodendrocytes were formed, they failed to mature, resulting in progressive demyelination. Oligodendrocyte dysfunction was also prevalent in human ALS, as gray matter demyelination and reactive changes in NG2+ cells were observed in motor cortex and spinal cord of ALS patients. Selective removal of mutant SOD1 from oligodendroglia substantially delayed disease onset and prolonged survival in ALS mice, suggesting that ALS-linked genes enhance the vulnerability of motor neurons and accelerate disease by directly impairing the function of oligodendrocytes.

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    2013-04-17 chendoc252
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    2014-01-28 liye789132251
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    2013-04-13 lsndxfj
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