Stroke:诱导性高血压预防 SAH 后 脑梗死

2018-12-31 杨中华 脑血管病及重症文献导读

动脉瘤蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)的发病率为6-7/10万人-年,占所有卒中的5%。一半的患者年龄低于55岁,不良预后超过50%。24h 内幸存患者不良预后最重要的原因为迟发性脑缺血(DCI),DCI 通常发生在 SAH 后4-10天。截止到目前为止,L-型钙离子拮抗剂尼莫地平是唯一被证明能够预防 SAH 后 DCI 的措施。

动脉瘤蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)的发病率为6-7/10万人-年,占所有卒中的5%。一半的患者年龄低于55岁,不良预后超过50%。24h 内幸存患者不良预后最重要的原因为迟发性脑缺血(DCI),DCI 通常发生在 SAH 后4-10天。截止到目前为止,L-型钙离子拮抗剂尼莫地平是唯一被证明能够预防 SAH 后 DCI 的措施。

 
几个因素,比如血管造影血管痉挛、微循环阻塞、微血栓、皮层播散抑制和迟发性细胞凋亡,被推测与 DCI 有关。引起 DCI 的最后通路未 CBF 下降。在脑血管自主调节能力受损的情况下,当 CBF 和养输送不能漫展脑组织需求时,就会出现DCI 的临床征象。

当 DCI 的临床征象发生后,诱导性高血压似乎是有道理,但是未被证实的治疗措施。诱导性高血压的主要机制为:升高脑灌注压会增加高阻力血管床的 CBF,增加缺血脑区域的侧枝血流,因此提高了脑组织的氧合。然而,除了能够观察到改善最低灌注区域的 CBF 以外,其他作用还不清楚。但是这还是引起了临床医生的兴趣,提示如果不采取治疗的话,低灌注区域会发展为梗死。诱导性高血压也许能够改善灌注受损区域的 CBF。

2018年11月来自荷兰的N. Marlou Haegens等在 Stroke 发表了他们的研究结果,探讨升压治疗对预防 DCI 征象患者脑梗死的疗效。

该研究未回顾性观察性研究,共纳入了3个教学医院1647例动脉瘤 SAH 患者,本研究仅纳入了发生DCI 临床症状时无脑梗死的患者479例。这些患者除了接受常规治疗以外,要求把患者的血压提升20mmHg(超基线平均或收缩压20mmHg),按照目标逐步提升血压,滴定到有临床反应,最高收缩压为220mmHg。达到最高血压后,如果24h 内无临床反应,逐渐停掉升压药物。如果有任何临床反应,应该持续3天。升高血压的方法包括补液纠正低血容量,输注去甲肾上腺素。主要终点为 DCI 相关脑梗死。

共479例(29%)患者发生了 DCI 的临床症状,此时300例患者的头 CT未发现脑梗死。在这300例患者中,201例(67%)擦 u 去了诱导性高血压治疗,99例未采取。诱导性高血压患者中,41例(20%)发生了 DCI 相关脑梗死,未采取诱导性高血压者33例(33%)发生了 DCI 相关脑梗死:调整 HR,0.59; 95% CI, 0.35 to 0.99。诱导性高血压也能预防不良结局:调整 OR,0.27; 95% CI, 0.14 to 0.55。

最终作者认为对于尚未出现 DCI 临床症状的患者,诱导性高血压预防 DCI 相关性脑梗死似乎是有效的。并且能够减少不良预后的比例。

原始出处:N. Marlou Haegens , Celine S. Gathier , Janneke Horn ,  et al. Induced Hypertension in Preventing Cerebral Infarction in Delayed Cerebral Ischemia After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Stroke. 4 Oct 2018

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    2019-01-02 karmond

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