ADA 2019:肾脏与心血管并发症有何关系?如何影响糖尿病治疗和预后?

2019-06-16 国际糖尿病编辑部 国际糖尿病

编者按:众所周知,糖尿病患者中肾脏及心血管并发症常伴发存在。那么,肾脏疾病与心血管并发症之间到底存在着怎样的相互关系?相关研究取得了哪些重大进展?针对糖尿病患者,我们应如何进行心肾并发症的有效防治?在第79届ADA科学年会上,Edwin Bierman奖得主——丹麦哥本哈根大学Peter Rossing教授就上述临床实践中大家所关心的现实问题进行了专题解析。

编者按:众所周知,糖尿病患者中肾脏及心血管并发症常伴发存在。那么,肾脏疾病与心血管并发症之间到底存在着怎样的相互关系?相关研究取得了哪些重大进展?针对糖尿病患者,我们应如何进行心肾并发症的有效防治?在第79届ADA科学年会上,Edwin Bierman奖得主——丹麦哥本哈根大学Peter Rossing教授就上述临床实践中大家所关心的现实问题进行了专题解析。

糖尿病肾病对预后的影响

对于糖尿病患者而言,估算肾小球滤过率(eGFR)下降及蛋白尿增加均可增加其死亡风险。与不伴有肾脏疾病者相比,伴有肾脏疾病的糖尿病患者年龄校正后的死亡风险显著增加。另有研究发现,早发糖尿病肾病会缩短预期寿命。

肾脏疾病与心血管并发症的关系

对于糖尿病患者而言,发现处于早期阶段的冠状动脉微血管疾病有助于改善危险分层。需要强调的是,冠状动脉血流储备(CFR)与冠状动脉钙化(CAC)评分评价的是动脉粥样硬化的不同层面,前者评价的是冠状动脉微循环的情况,而后者则是从解剖学角度上评估动脉粥样硬化的一个指标。对2型糖尿病患者的研究发现,CFR及CAC评分均与蛋白尿具有相关性。对1型糖尿病患者的研究也得到了相似的结果。此外,研究发现,肾损伤可增加2型糖尿病患者心衰住院风险。另外,研究发现,2型糖尿病患者心外膜及心包的脂肪组织增多,这会在一定程度上影响心肌的收缩及舒张功能。心脏脂肪实际上与心血管疾病及死亡均相关。总的来说,对于糖尿病患者而言,肾脏疾病与心血管并发症密切相关,两者常伴发存在,享有共同危险因素。当然,我们亟需进一步探寻对两者均具有良好预测价值的新危险因素或标志物。2019年最新研究发现,尿酸对于1型糖尿病患者的肾脏及心血管事件具有良好的预测价值,氧化三甲胺(TMAO)与糖尿病患者的基线eGFR具有相关性,可预测终末期肾病及心血管事件的发生风险。目前,已经有研究正在探讨降低尿酸的别嘌呤醇治疗对糖尿病患者肾脏及心血管结局的影响。

糖尿病患者心血管及肾脏并发症防治的新视角

心肾综合征概念的提出为肾脏疾病合并心血管疾病的防治提供了新的视角。从机制上来说,高血压、糖尿病、肥胖、血脂异常及慢性炎症均可导致心肾综合征,肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统(RAAS)的激活及其他促纤维化通路激活所导致的纤维化在其发病过程中发挥了重要作用。有研究发现,纤维化标志物S-PRO-C6与2型糖尿病患者的心血管疾病及肾脏疾病进展具有较强的相关性。具有较高分离能力及检测敏感性的CE-MS蛋白质组学技术为我们利用尿样进行相关分析探寻新的生物标志物提供了更多可能,也为糖尿病肾病患者更有针对性的治疗提供了指导信息,有助于促进糖尿病肾病的防治从以蛋白尿为靶点的RAAS抑制剂治疗向基于组学的个体化治疗转变。研究发现,基于蛋白组学标志物创建的慢性肾脏病模型对糖尿病肾病的发病具有较好的预测价值。此外,针对蛋白组学检测识别的高危人群早期使用醛固酮受体拮抗剂(MRA)可能具有较大的预防糖尿病肾病的潜力。对于基于蛋白组学检测识别的高危人群,正在开展中的PROMINENT研究无疑将为其糖尿病心血管并发症及糖尿病肾病的预防策略提供新的证据。

当然,人们也不断探索干预各种可能的危险因素(高血压、蛋白尿、血糖控制、生长因子、膳食蛋白摄入量、吸烟、尿酸、维生素D、高脂血症及炎症等)对糖尿病肾病的防治价值,且有些研究取得了非常不错的效果。例如,研究发现,新型降糖药SGLT2抑制剂对2型糖尿病患者具有心肾保护效应。此外,基于AWARD-7研究、LEADER研究及SUSTAIN 6研究的结果,以GLP-1为靶点的药物也能为糖尿病患者提供明确的心血管获益,并有望为其带来肾脏终点方面的获益。正因如此,ADA/EASD指南推荐伴有已知ASCVD或慢性肾脏病的糖尿病患者选择降糖药时应首选SGLT2抑制剂(若预防ASCVD,在患者无法耐受SGLT2抑制剂时,还可选择GLP-1受体激动剂)。另外,研究发现,醛固酮受体也有望成为糖尿病肾病及心血管并发症防治的新靶点。最新研究显示,第三代MRA finerenone可显著降低伴有蛋白尿的2型糖尿病患者的蛋白尿。Steno-2研究事后分析显示,多因素综合强化干预有助于改善糖尿病患者的肾脏结局。

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    2020-04-30 丁鹏鹏
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    2019-06-18 般若傻瓜
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    2019-06-16 misszhang

    谢谢MedSci提供最新的资讯

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