抗逆转录病毒治疗的更佳时机定了!有望为这些孩子谋得一线生机

2019-11-30 佚名 转化医学网

获得性免疫缺陷综合征(艾滋病,AIDS)是由人免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)引起的严重传染性疾病,已经成为了世界上严重的公共卫生问题之一,尤其是在中低收入的国家。

a获得性免疫缺陷综合征(艾滋病,AIDS)是由人免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)引起的严重传染性疾病,已经成为了世界上严重的公共卫生问题之一,尤其是在中低收入的国家。近年新生儿AIDS感染数日渐增多,却往往因临床表现不典型而被忽视,抗逆转录病毒治疗(ART)的使用契机也因条件限制众说纷纭未有定论。

近日,美国多所大学的研究人员共同发现对出生即携带HIV病毒的新生儿来说,尽早及时的ART,尤其是在出生后数小时内即开始ART,可显着缩小患儿的HIV病毒库,并极大改善他们的免疫力,有望为这些孩子谋得一线生机!

新生儿HIV感染治疗

HIV是一种能攻击人体免疫系统的病毒,其以人体免疫系统中最重要的CD4 T淋巴细胞作为主要攻击目标大量破坏,使人体丧失免疫功能,导致人体易感染各种疾病,并可发生恶性肿瘤,病死率较高。HIV有三大传染途径,其中母婴传播是新生儿患者日益增加的重要元凶。而新生儿一旦感染HIV,如果没有及时的诊断和治疗,最大的死亡风险是8至10周龄,一半婴儿在2岁之前死亡,其威胁令人不寒而栗,相关治疗也成为了一大难题。

但是,目前在全世界范围内仍缺乏根治HIV感染的有效药物,最大限度和持久的降低病毒载量、获得免疫功能重建和维持免疫功能是目前AIDS治疗的两个根本目标。ART是通过抑制HIV在AIDS患者体内的复制减少体内HIV数量,进而减少HIV对机体CD4 T细胞的破坏,创造机体免疫功能重建的机会。ART虽不能根除体内的HIV,但能减少患者机会性感染的发生率,使患者的生活质量提高,最大限度延长患者生命。然而,ART在新生儿AIDS患者中的应用受患儿自身条件和基础条件的限制,需要考虑的问题更加繁多,但要达到的目标与成人患者相同:缩小病毒库,恢复免疫力。因而,ART应用的契机则是必须尽早厘清的问题。

限制病毒库,提高免疫力——从源头缓释AIDS的影响

研究人员让10名感染HIV的新生儿在出生后平均几个小时内即接受ART,而对照组新生儿则在平均出生4个月后才开始ART。两年的随访对比结果显示,尽早及时接受ART的新生儿体内HIV病毒库被显着限制,虽然仍有病毒残留体内,这些病毒也有可能成为日后复发的定时炸弹,但是相较于对照组,患儿所受的威胁明显减轻。基因检测结果显示,实验组的HIV携带者体内完整的HIV DNA序列含量显着下降,留存下来的HIV DNA多为缺陷序列。他们指出,对携带HIV的新生儿而言,及时尽早的ART 可能引发了免疫介导的选择机制,该机制趋向于保留含基因受损原病毒的细胞,去除含完整病毒序列的细胞,留存下来的病毒库数量毒性皆受限,这就明显降低了病毒库的作用和影响。

及时尽早的ART使病毒库缩小

及时尽早的ART有独特的免疫应答谱

另一方面,研究人员发现实验组的患者拥有独特的免疫应答谱,这些患儿体内的免疫反应“主力军”非是T细胞,而是NK细胞。NK细胞是一类无需预先致敏就能非特异性杀伤肿瘤细胞和病毒感染细胞的淋巴细胞,这种细胞同样可以发挥免疫作用,而且,它不是HIV的狙击对象。这些活化的NK细胞重建了机体的免疫功能,同时不到万不得已,不让T细胞暴露于HIV眼皮底下。养老状态的T细胞让HIV疏于防范,而横冲直撞的NK细胞HIV又“没兴趣”,这就一点点恢复了机体的免疫力。一边限制病毒库,一边恢复免疫力,HIV的作用被最大限度缓释,这也就成为HIV感染的新生儿的一线生机。

HIV感染已经成为了一种与全人类未来息息相关的重要疾病,在尚无根治之法时,减少病毒对个人和社会的影响是重中之,确认HIV感染的新生儿最佳用药时机是前进的一大步。但是,除了仍需进一步研究数据的支持外,还有基础医疗条件、资金等问题亟待解决。但愿在不远的将来,这一线生机能真正成为希望。

原始出处:

Pilar Garcia-Broncano, Shivaali Maddali, Kevin B. Einkauf, et al. Early antiretroviral therapy in neonates with HIV-1 infection restricts viral reservoir size and induces a distinct innate immune profile. Science Translational Medicine  27 Nov 2019:Vol. 11, Issue 520, eaax7350. DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aax7350.

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    2020-05-21 mjldent
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    2020-09-15 hxj0117
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