鱼油不是智商税?研究发现,血液中DHA含量高,患阿尔茨海默症风险下降5成!

2022-06-16 Swagpp MedSci原创

Nutrients: 血液中DHA水平较高的人患阿尔茨海默症的可能性比水平较低的少49%。而增加DHA的摄入量可能会降低患AD的风险,这一关联在携带载脂蛋白E4等位基因的AD高风险个体更显著。

近年来,随着健康观念的深入人心,鱼油在国内外保健品市场刮起很大的风,甚至被誉为“液体黄金”。此前,美国国立卫生研究院的一份报告称,鱼油在美国应用最广泛的膳食补充剂中排第三,仅次于维生素和矿物质。
 
鱼油到底是不是“智商税”?还要从其成分说起。鱼油,即鱼类体内不饱和脂肪,主要为Ω-3脂肪酸,包括EPA(二十碳五烯酸)和DHA(二十二碳六烯酸)。事实上,普通鱼类体内EPA和DHA的含量微乎其微,所以一般会选用深海鱼来提炼鱼油。
 
大量研究表明,Ω-3脂肪酸对健康有益,最“出圈”的莫过于预防血管疾病。近日,美国研究者发现,血液中DHA的水平还与阿尔茨海默症(AD)的患病风险存在关联!
 
6月9日,营养学领域著名期刊Nutrients上刊登了一篇论文题为Red Blood Cell DHA Is Inversely Associated with Risk of Incident Alzheimer's Disease and All-Cause Dementia: Framingham Offspring Study,该项前瞻性研究由美国脂肪酸研究所、波士顿大学、南达科他大学等多单位学者联合开展。
 
结果显示,血液中DHA水平较高的人患阿尔茨海默症的可能性比水平较低的少49%。而增加DHA的摄入量可能会降低患AD的风险,这一关联在携带载脂蛋白E4(APOE-ε4)等位基因的AD高风险个体中更为显著。
 
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https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14122408
 
研究者从弗雷明汉后代队列中募集到3021名参与者,并记录下他们红细胞中DHA含量(表示为DHA与红细胞中总脂肪酸的百分比)和有关APOE-ε4基因型的信息。随后,在中位随访的7.2年期间,对患者进行神经认知测试以及AD和痴呆症的诊断
 
在经过纳入排除标准后,最终共有1490名≥65岁、基线无痴呆症的参与者纳入本次研究。

 

红细胞中DHA含量与AD、全因痴呆的患病风险呈负相关

完全调整后的模型显示,与血液中含DHA较少(Q1<3.8%)的相比,体内DHA含量较高的参与者(Q5>6.1%)患AD的风险降低了49%,患全因痴呆的风险降低了44%。

在调整了年龄、性别和APOE-ε4基因携带情况后的模型中,红细胞中DHA含量每增加一个标准差(SD=1.4%),参与者患AD的风险显著下降20%。

具体来说,与红细胞中DHA含量最低的相比,高DHA水平的参与者可以延长4.65年不患AD的时间,和4.03年不患全因痴呆症的时间。

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血液中高DHA水平的益处

前文提到,Ω-3脂肪酸包括DHA和EPA,既然体内DHA含量与AD风险存在关系,那么EPA以及Ω-3脂肪酸是否也存在类似联系呢?

然而,研究者发现,红细胞中的EPA以及Ω-3脂肪酸含量的增加与AD风险降低相关性不显著,仅出现轻微趋势。

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红细胞中EPA含量与AD和全因痴呆的HR

 

对携带APOE-ε4基因的高危人群而言,补充DHA获益更大

 
之前研究证实,APOE-ε4是AD的主要遗传风险因素。携带一个APOE-ε4等位基因,可使患AD的风险增加3-4倍。
 
本研究的基础信息调查也证实了这一点。在全部1490名参与者中,1155名为非APOE-ε4基因携带者,其中6.7%和8.9%在随访期间发生了AD和全因痴呆事件。而在335名APOE-ε4基因携带者中,16.1%发生了AD,19.4%出现了全因痴呆的情况,远高于前者。
 
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APOE-ε4基因携带者和非APOE-ε4基因携带者的AD和全因痴呆的发病率
 
接着,研究者对APOE基因型与DHA之间的相互作用产生了兴趣。膳食补充DHA,是否可以有效延缓携带APOE-ε4基因的高风险人群的AD发病时间,从而改善个人生活质量及社会医疗负担呢?
 
将携带和非携带APOE-ε4基因的参与者分开分析,发现增加DHA水平从而降低AD风险,在APOE-ε4基因携带者中益处更明显。
 
在连续线性模型中,红细胞中DHA水平每增加一个标准差,可以观察到携带APOE-ε4基因的参与者罹患AD的风险降低29%;而非携带者患AD的风险虽有所下降,但并不显著。
 
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a. 不携带APOE-ε4基因,患AD的风险变化  b. 携带APOE-ε4基因,患全因痴呆的风险变化
c. 不携带APOE-ε4基因,患全因痴呆的风险变化 d. 携带APOE-ε4基因,患AD的风险变化
 
该研究指出,仅通过增加膳食中DHA含量,就能有效延缓AD,改善其对于公共健康的影响,“性价比”很高。
 
有趣的是,本研究的数据收集于弗雷明汉后代队列。而在15年前的原始弗雷明汉研究队列中,另一组研究者也发现了类似的情况:与水平较低的相比,具有高水平血浆磷脂酰胆碱-DHA的参与者罹患全因痴呆的风险显著降低了47%。
 
本研究的通讯作者、美国脂肪酸研究所所长William S. Harris表示,“在相似的基因库中,相隔一代的人中得到了几乎相同的发现,也证实了DHA与痴呆之间的关系。”
 
研究者也强调,饮食补充DHA对认知健康的APOE-ε4基因携带者有益,但在已经患有AD或轻度认知障碍的情况下再补充DHA,就是亡羊补牢了。
 
具体要补充多少呢?研究者建议,高风险人群每日膳食DHA摄入量大约2g,或可减缓AD的发生。
 
事实上,中国人摄入DHA和EPA严重不足,远不及EPA+DHA推荐摄入量的每日0.25-2.0g。如果这篇文章能让您在生活中增加对膳食DHA的关注,助您远离AD,自然是再好不过了~
 

参考资料:

[1]Red Blood Cell DHA Is Inversely Associated with Risk of Incident Alzheimer's Disease and All-Cause Dementia: Framingham Offspring Study, Nutrients (2022). DOI: 10.3390/nu14122408

[2]https://medicalxpress.com/news/2022-06-people-high-omega-dha-blood.html

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    2022-08-09 ms7000001212377276

    外行:2岁以下以及早产儿不建议。回想起其它食品,是不是大型公司买“油”软文?

    0

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    2022-06-17 晓辰
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    2022-06-16 xulv123

    认真学习~~

    0

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