JAHA:经导管主动脉瓣置换术后房颤患者直接口服抗凝剂的使用和预后

2022-01-07 汪文慧 “ 心关注”公众号

研究者发现使用VKAs和DOACs的1年卒中风险相似;与VKA相比,使用DOACs与出血、颅内出血和颅内出血风险降低相关。

超过40%的经导管主动脉瓣置换术(TAVR)患者发生房颤(AF),并且与亚急性和晚期卒中风险的增加相关。在过去十年中,直接口服抗凝剂(DOACs)被证实是非瓣膜性AF患者的更佳选择,在需要口服抗凝剂(OAC)治疗的TAVR患者中使用频率越来越高。尽管目前关于AF患者管理的临床实践指南包括对生物心脏瓣膜(BHV)患者使用DOACs,但对于接受TAVR的患者尚无具体的建议。由于外科手术和经导管置换术存在操作及结构上的差异,目前尚不清楚DOACs是否适用于TAVR患者,以及维生素K拮抗剂(VKA)和DOAC在TAVR人群中的有效性是否相似。

因此,研究者通过使用美国国家心血管注册研究(NCDR)、美国胸科医师学会/美国心脏病学会经导管瓣膜病治疗注册研究(STS/ACC TVT)的相关数据,试图评估(1)出院时使用VKA与DOAC的AF患者特征;(2)VKA与DOAC用于TAVR和AF患者卒中预防的趋势;(3)出院后使用VKA与DOAC患者的1年卒中率、出血率和死亡率的比较。

研究方法

在2013年1月至2018年5月期间,于NCDR、STS/ACC TVT登记研究纳入成功进行TAVR的患者,排除既往有机械瓣膜史、1年内有卒中、1年内有院内心内膜炎、瓣膜内手术、TAVR转为心脏直视手术、院内死亡、出院药物中未记录OAC或超过1种OAC(图1)。

图1. 纳入及排除标准

主要结局为1年卒中发生率。次要结局包括短期和长期结局;长期次要结局为1年出血事件、颅内出血和死亡率;短期次要结局为30天内血栓形成、心肌梗死、瓣膜相关再入院、非瓣膜相关再入院和死亡率。

研究结果

研究最终纳入21,131例患者;出院使用VKA患者13,004例(61.53%),使用DOACs患者8127例(38.46%)(图1)。研究人群中位年龄为83岁(78-87岁),男性为11,982例(56.70%)。在使用DOACs的患者中,7141例(8.79%)使用达比加群出院,7413例(91.21%)使用Xa因子抑制剂(如利伐沙班、阿哌沙班、艾多沙班)出院。人口学和基线特征见表1。两组间既往卒中、既往AF或短暂性脑缺血发作的情况相似;两组中位CHA2DS2‐VASC评分均为3分,VKA和DOAC组中位抗凝和AF危险因素评分分别为6分和5分(P<0.001);DOAC出院患者的住院时间较VKA出院患者短(3天 vs. 4天,P<0.001);出院时,DOACs组患者接受阿司匹林、P2Y受体抑制剂或三联抗血小板治疗的可能性低于VKA组(P<0.001)。

表1. TAVR、诊断为AF、出院接受口服抗凝治疗患者的基线特征

图2显示了2013年至2018年间TAVR和AF患者口服抗凝治疗的时间趋势。随着时间的推移,DOAC的使用逐渐增加,从2013年的10%增加到2018年的55%以上。从2013年到2018年,DOAC的使用量增加了5.5倍。

图2. 2013-2018年TAVR患者和AF患者口服抗凝治疗的时间趋势

图3显示了长期主要和次要结局的累积发生率。对于主要结局,共有446例患者在1年间发生卒中事件;278例患者接受VKA治疗,168例患者接受DOAC治疗。两组之间的累积卒中发生率没有显着差异(2.51% vs. 2.37%,P=0.485),这在经多变量调整后依然存在(调整后HR 1.00,95%CI 0.81-1.23;P=0.980)(表2)。

表2. VKA与DOACs治疗AF患者的1年预后

对于长期次要结局,2582例患者发生出血(VKA组1775例,DOAC组807例)。在接受DOAC治疗的患者中,1年出血率较低(11.9% vs. 15%,P<0.001;调整后HR 0.81,95%CI 0.33-0.87;P<0.001);颅内出血发生率较低(0.33% vs. 0.59%,P=0.014;调整后HR 0.54,95%CI 0.33-0.87;P=0.011)。DOAC治疗组的未调整累积全因死亡率为15.8%,VKA治疗组为18.2%。这种差异在多因素调整后仍然存在(调整后HR 0.92,95%CI 0.85-1.00;P=0.043)。

在30天的短期次要结局中,VKA组和DOAC组的全因死亡率(1.45% vs. 1.41%,P=0.853)、心肌梗死(0.15% vs. 0.19%,P=0.483)、血栓形成(0.01% vs. 0.01%,P=0.725)和瓣膜相关入院(1.19% vs. 1.08%,P=0.472)的未调整累积发生率相似。VKA组非瓣膜相关的再入院率略高(12.1% vs. 11.1%,P=0.046)。

图3. TAVR术后的1年结局

研究结论

在对接受TAVR的美国AF患者的大型临床数据注册分析中,研究者发现使用VKAs和DOACs的1年卒中风险相似;与VKA相比,使用DOACs与出血、颅内出血和颅内出血风险降低相关。

原始出处:

Tanawuttiwat T, Stebbins A, Marquis-Gravel G, et al. Use of Direct Oral Anticoagulant and Outcomes in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation after Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement: Insights From the STS/ACC TVT Registry. J Am Heart Assoc. 2021 Dec 31:e023561. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.121.023561. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 34970918.

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objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=23203, encryptionId=b6222320322, topicName=主动脉瓣置换术)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0b24249, createdName=medsci246, createdTime=Sat Jan 08 13:34:15 CST 2022, time=2022-01-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1415804, encodeId=ce36141580404, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=04812314540' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#主动脉#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=23145, encryptionId=04812314540, topicName=主动脉)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=77603112682, createdName=circumcision, createdTime=Sat Jan 08 13:34:15 CST 2022, time=2022-01-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1441164, encodeId=cda01441164cc, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7f9ae242984' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#直接口服抗凝剂#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=47, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=72429, encryptionId=7f9ae242984, topicName=直接口服抗凝剂)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=b9a54798293, createdName=若水124, createdTime=Sat Jan 08 13:34:15 CST 2022, time=2022-01-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1510346, encodeId=e4f8151034630, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e9bce8254ef' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#经导管#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=47, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=78254, encryptionId=e9bce8254ef, topicName=经导管)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=93e010191378, createdName=lsj631, createdTime=Sat Jan 08 13:34:15 CST 2022, time=2022-01-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1536627, encodeId=5c68153662ed5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a894e826546' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#经导管主动脉瓣置换#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=78265, encryptionId=a894e826546, topicName=经导管主动脉瓣置换)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=b38112697961, createdName=yytms, createdTime=Sat Jan 08 13:34:15 CST 2022, time=2022-01-08, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2022-01-08 zhaohui6731
  4. 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  5. 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  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1742780, encodeId=fc6e1e427809b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=39cae96626f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#置换#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=79662, encryptionId=39cae96626f, topicName=置换)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=3a7c35056336, createdName=yxch48, createdTime=Thu May 19 05:34:15 CST 2022, time=2022-05-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2066844, encodeId=39da206684465, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fe1a6106394' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#术后房颤#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=61063, encryptionId=fe1a6106394, topicName=术后房颤)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, 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  7. 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  8. 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  9. 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encodeId=cda01441164cc, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7f9ae242984' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#直接口服抗凝剂#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=47, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=72429, encryptionId=7f9ae242984, topicName=直接口服抗凝剂)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=b9a54798293, createdName=若水124, createdTime=Sat Jan 08 13:34:15 CST 2022, time=2022-01-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1510346, encodeId=e4f8151034630, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e9bce8254ef' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#经导管#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=47, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=78254, encryptionId=e9bce8254ef, topicName=经导管)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=93e010191378, createdName=lsj631, createdTime=Sat Jan 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    2022-01-08 lsj631
  10. 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