Nature子刊:破解端粒酶的秘密,抗衰老药物又见新曙光

2016-11-09 佚名 生物探索

端粒是位于染色体末端的长重复DNA序列,像帽子一样保护DNA上的重要遗传学信息不受损害。正常细胞每分裂一次,其端粒就会随之缩短。当端粒缩短到一定程度时,就会发信号让细胞永久停止分裂,影响组织的再生能力,引起一些老年病。癌细胞能提升端粒酶水平,延长自己的端粒以便无限分裂。此前人们发现,自由基累积带来的氧化压力会加速端粒缩短。匹兹堡大学的研究团队十一月七日在Nature Structural and

长寿是从古至今人们所追求的目标,而染色体上的端粒承载了人类衰老的密码。在一项新研究中,科学们揭示了氧化应激导致端粒酶缩短的关键机制,为抗衰老药物的研发提供了新思路。此外,这项新研究还提供了抑制端粒酶的新方法,这对治疗癌症有重要的意义。

11月7日,匹兹堡大学的研究人员在《Nature Structural and Molecular Biology》杂志上揭示了氧化应激导致端粒缩短的关键机制——破坏DNA的前体分子,还发现了抑制端粒酶的新方法,这对抗衰老、抗癌而言,具有重要的意义。科学家们认为,这项研究结果有助于开发新的抗衰老途径和抗癌途径。

先来说说端粒与端粒酶

长寿是从古至今人们所追求的目标,而染色体上的端粒承载了人类衰老的密码。与人类寿命一样,端粒也有寿命,细胞每分裂一次,端粒就缩短一次,科学家们认为这也是导致人类疾病风险随年龄增长而增加的原因。

与端粒长度息息相关的,就是端粒酶了。端粒酶是一种可以补充端粒的酶,它的存在,就是把 DNA 复制的缺陷填补起来,即把端粒修复延长,可以让端粒不会因细胞分裂而有所损耗,使得细胞分裂的次数增加。

另一方面,端粒酶也会帮助那些无用细胞的增长,并扣动癌症形成的扳机。曾有研究表明,端粒酶在癌细胞中的水平会更高,从而使得癌细胞无限制地分裂。当端粒变得很短的时候,它们会发送信号使细胞停止分裂,削弱组织的再生能力。

Nature子刊揭秘衰老、癌症以及炎症的关键机制

这项研究的目的是确定当被氧化应激损伤时,端粒会出现怎样的情况?研究人员怀疑,氧化损伤会破坏端粒酶的功能。本研究的首席研究员Patricia Opresko教授说,“令我们惊讶的是,在氧化损伤的情况下,端粒酶也能延长端粒,事实上,这种破坏似乎还促进了端粒的延长。”

研究小组下一步观察了当构成端粒的“部件”受到氧化损伤,又会出现什么情况?他们发现,端粒酶能够在端粒末端添加受损的DNA前体分子,但无法添加额外的DNA分子。

最后研究人员作出了以下结论:氧化应激加速端粒缩短的机制是通过破坏DNA的前体分子而不是端粒本身,还发现一种新的方法来抑制端粒酶的活性——氧化DNA的前体分子,这十分重要,因为它在治疗癌症有很大潜力。

目前,该研究团队正采用一种新型的光敏剂来进一步探索氧化应激对端粒的影响,“使用这种令人兴奋的新技术,我们能够了解当端粒被损坏时该如何处理。”

对抗衰老、抗癌,都是福音

科学家们相信,这项研究为抗衰老药物的研发提高了新思路,还对治疗癌症也有很大的帮助。

Opresko教授说,“对于保护健康细胞的端粒而言,这项研究为开发新方法提供了有用的信息,最终帮助对抗炎症和衰老带来的影响。另一方面,我们希望开发机制能选择性地耗尽癌细胞中的端粒,从而使癌细胞停止分裂。”

英国癌症研究中心科学高级信息管理者Nell Barrie说,“端粒就像一个钟,告知细胞什么时候进行自我毁灭,但该过程被癌症或其他疾病所扰乱,因此正确了解细胞内究竟发生了什么,将有助于研究人员纠正错误的线索,并根据细胞的优势和缺点来帮助疾病的治疗。我们仍需开展更多的研究来了解端粒是如何工作,这项研究有助于揭示其内部的运作原理。”

原文摘要

端粒长度的变化与退行性疾病和癌症相关。氧化应激和DNA损伤已被证实与端粒长度和完整度相关。本文研究了常见的氧化损伤——核苷酸碱基氧化(8-oxo-7、8-oxoG)如何通过端粒酶调节端粒的延伸 。研究人员发现,当在dNTP中添加8-oxoG时,在端粒延伸过程中,含有氧化核苷酸的端粒酶能诱导有机体突变,并终止端粒的进一步延伸。

耗尽MTH1酶(清除氧化的dNTP)会增加端粒的功能障碍和端粒酶阳性癌细胞的死亡。相反,端粒DNA序列中已有的8-oxoG会通过不稳定的G-四链体DNA结构来促进端粒酶的活性。

因此我们发现,无论是插入氧化核苷酸还是自由基直接反应生成氧化核苷酸,端粒中的8-oxoG引发的机制决定了端粒酶否被抑制或刺激,从而介导生物结果。

原始出处:

Elise Fouquerel,Justin Lormand, Arindam Bose et al.Oxidative guanine base damage regulates human telomerase activity.Nature Structural & Molecular Biology. 07 November 2016.

版权声明:
本网站所有内容来源注明为“梅斯医学”或“MedSci原创”的文字、图片和音视频资料,版权均属于梅斯医学所有。非经授权,任何媒体、网站或个人不得转载,授权转载时须注明来源为“梅斯医学”。其它来源的文章系转载文章,或“梅斯号”自媒体发布的文章,仅系出于传递更多信息之目的,本站仅负责审核内容合规,其内容不代表本站立场,本站不负责内容的准确性和版权。如果存在侵权、或不希望被转载的媒体或个人可与我们联系,我们将立即进行删除处理。
在此留言
评论区 (4)
#插入话题
  1. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1725140, encodeId=57461e25140f9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=58476021257' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#曙光#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=60212, encryptionId=58476021257, topicName=曙光)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=180c33737541, createdName=yangpeizhi, createdTime=Mon Jan 09 12:54:00 CST 2017, time=2017-01-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2058536, encodeId=91c42058536fc, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2b5155e8806' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抗衰老药物#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=55788, encryptionId=2b5155e8806, topicName=抗衰老药物)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ac1c235, createdName=tonychen21, createdTime=Fri Sep 29 17:54:00 CST 2017, time=2017-09-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1881426, encodeId=4cfb188142628, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Thu Aug 17 10:54:00 CST 2017, time=2017-08-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1396095, encodeId=e000139609578, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=017ce5693fe' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#端粒酶#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=75693, encryptionId=017ce5693fe, topicName=端粒酶)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4dfa37, createdName=智者为医08, createdTime=Fri Nov 11 04:54:00 CST 2016, time=2016-11-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-01-09 yangpeizhi
  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1725140, encodeId=57461e25140f9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=58476021257' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#曙光#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=60212, encryptionId=58476021257, topicName=曙光)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=180c33737541, createdName=yangpeizhi, createdTime=Mon Jan 09 12:54:00 CST 2017, time=2017-01-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2058536, encodeId=91c42058536fc, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2b5155e8806' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抗衰老药物#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=55788, encryptionId=2b5155e8806, topicName=抗衰老药物)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ac1c235, createdName=tonychen21, createdTime=Fri Sep 29 17:54:00 CST 2017, time=2017-09-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1881426, encodeId=4cfb188142628, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Thu Aug 17 10:54:00 CST 2017, time=2017-08-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1396095, encodeId=e000139609578, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=017ce5693fe' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#端粒酶#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=75693, encryptionId=017ce5693fe, topicName=端粒酶)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4dfa37, createdName=智者为医08, createdTime=Fri Nov 11 04:54:00 CST 2016, time=2016-11-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1725140, encodeId=57461e25140f9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=58476021257' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#曙光#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=60212, encryptionId=58476021257, topicName=曙光)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=180c33737541, createdName=yangpeizhi, createdTime=Mon Jan 09 12:54:00 CST 2017, time=2017-01-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2058536, encodeId=91c42058536fc, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2b5155e8806' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抗衰老药物#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=55788, encryptionId=2b5155e8806, topicName=抗衰老药物)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ac1c235, createdName=tonychen21, createdTime=Fri Sep 29 17:54:00 CST 2017, time=2017-09-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1881426, encodeId=4cfb188142628, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Thu Aug 17 10:54:00 CST 2017, time=2017-08-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1396095, encodeId=e000139609578, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=017ce5693fe' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#端粒酶#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=75693, encryptionId=017ce5693fe, topicName=端粒酶)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4dfa37, createdName=智者为医08, createdTime=Fri Nov 11 04:54:00 CST 2016, time=2016-11-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-08-17 liye789132251
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1725140, encodeId=57461e25140f9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=58476021257' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#曙光#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=60212, encryptionId=58476021257, topicName=曙光)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=180c33737541, createdName=yangpeizhi, createdTime=Mon Jan 09 12:54:00 CST 2017, time=2017-01-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2058536, encodeId=91c42058536fc, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2b5155e8806' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抗衰老药物#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=55788, encryptionId=2b5155e8806, topicName=抗衰老药物)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ac1c235, createdName=tonychen21, createdTime=Fri Sep 29 17:54:00 CST 2017, time=2017-09-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1881426, encodeId=4cfb188142628, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Thu Aug 17 10:54:00 CST 2017, time=2017-08-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1396095, encodeId=e000139609578, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=017ce5693fe' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#端粒酶#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=75693, encryptionId=017ce5693fe, topicName=端粒酶)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4dfa37, createdName=智者为医08, createdTime=Fri Nov 11 04:54:00 CST 2016, time=2016-11-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]