Nature:华人学者Nature重磅!儿童癌症大不同 与成人突变重合率不到一半

2018-03-01 佚名 学术经纬

今日,知名学术刊物《自然》背靠背在线刊发了两篇重磅论文,报道了在儿童中进行的首次泛癌症基因组分析。这些分析对于了解儿童与成人的癌症区别有着很重要的意义,并有望为儿童带来更为精准的疗法。我们很高兴看到St.Jude儿童研究医院的JinghuiZhang教授主导了其中的一项研究。

今日,知名学术刊物《自然》背靠背在线刊发了两篇重磅论文,报道了在儿童中进行的首次泛癌症基因组分析。这些分析对于了解儿童与成人的癌症区别有着很重要的意义,并有望为儿童带来更为精准的疗法。我们很高兴看到St.Jude儿童研究医院的JinghuiZhang教授主导了其中的一项研究。


▲该研究的通讯作者JinghuiZhang教授(前排)与两名共同一作XiaotuMa和YuLiu博士(后排)(图片来源:PeterBarta/St.JudeChildren'sResearchHospital)

我们都知道,成人的癌症往往由多种遗传变异引起。这些变异积少成多,量变带来质变,最终诱使癌症的出现。然而我们也知道,儿童癌症与成人癌症在类型、严重程度、康复率等方面都有着很多不同。这背后有着怎样的原因?儿童与成人的癌症在根源上会不会就有所不同?

为了回答这个问题,JinghuiZhang教授的课题组决定从基因组层面寻找答案。他们在1699名儿童癌症患者中取得了肿瘤样本与健康组织的样本,并使用了多种下一代测序技术,寻找两者基因组中存在的不同。值得一提的是,这些儿童患者患有六种不同的癌症,具有很好的代表性。

具体说来,这些科学家们通过全基因组测序,分析了样本中的DNA拷贝数与染色体重排数据;此外,他们也通过转录组测序,比较肿瘤细胞与健康细胞内的基因表达情况。据信,这是在多种癌症类型中,首次对突变型和野生型等位基因表达情况进行全面的定量与定性分析与评估。

“跨多个肿瘤类型的研究,能让我们找到在儿童癌症中真正重要的突变,并理解背后的通路。”Zhang教授说道。

▲儿童癌症中前100大复发突变基因,星号表明在成人泛癌症研究中未曾被阐明的基因(图片来源:《自然》)

研究揭示了一些让所有人都感到惊讶的结果。举例来说,在689名患有B细胞急性淋巴性白血病的患者中,有8名患者的DNA突变类型与紫外线照射引起的突变相一致,而这些突变类型之前只在皮肤癌中有所呈现。“这些发现表明,紫外线照射可能让部分儿童罹患白血病的风险上升,而这是之前未经阐明的环境因素!”LudmilAlexandrov博士说道。

此外,研究人员们从结果中也注意到,儿童患者的主要致癌因素是拷贝数异常,或是DNA结构的改变。这些因素占到了62%,高于大家普遍认为的DNA点突变。从机理上看,拷贝数异常会让患者产生过多或过少的特定基因,而DNA结构改变则会造成基因的重排。“这表明在临床诊断时,我们要检测儿童患者的拷贝数变化以及DNA结构改变。”Zhang教授评论说。


▲《自然》杂志对这两项研究进行了专文评论(图片来源:《自然》)

综合今日背靠背发表的两项研究,《自然》杂志在特约评论中指出,儿童癌症与成人癌症有三大不同:首先,儿童癌症的基因突变率更低;其次,儿童癌症更多是由单基因驱动;第三,导致儿童癌症的变异,往往只针对特定的癌症。这不像成人的癌症那样,不同癌症可以拥有同样的突变。

▲成人癌症与儿童癌症有着很大不同(图片来源:《自然》)

更值得关注的是,催生儿童癌症的基因,与导致成人癌症的基因有着极大不同。Zhang教授团队发现,两者的重合率只有45%,不足一半。在另一项研究里,这个数字更是只有30%。

“这项研究首次表明,儿童与成人的癌症是由不同基因的不同突变引起的,”Zhang教授说道:“这些结果让我们了解到,儿童癌症患者不是成人患者的‘缩小版’,他们的疾病应该得到不同的处理。只有对儿童癌症的生物学原因有足够的理解,才能带来更好的治疗方案与更灵敏的检测手段。这些研究结果为科研人员们提供了探索的地图。”

为了更好地为儿童患者带来治疗,研究人员们决定将他们得到的基因、变异、细胞通路等数据公开,方便其他研究人员使用。我们感谢这些研究人员的分享精神,也期待在儿童癌症领域能见证更多突破,让这些年轻的生命不至于早早夭折。

原始出处:

[1] Xiaotu Ma, Yu Liu, Yanling Liu, et.al. Pan-cancer genome and transcriptome analyses of 1,699 paediatric leukaemias and solid tumours. Nature 28 February 2018

[2] Susanne N. Gr?bner, Barbara C. Worst, Joachim Weischenfeldt, et.al. The landscape of genomic alterations across childhood cancers. Nature 28 February 2018

[3] Pratiti Bandopadhayay, Matthew Meyerson. Landscapes of childhood tumours. Nature 28 FEBRUARY 2018

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    2019-02-02 liye789132251
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    2018-03-03 xxxx1054
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最近,有研究人员评估了在患有选择习惯免疫球蛋白A(lgA)缺陷(SIGAD)的儿科病人中评估了听力的功能。研究人员在28名患有SIGAD的非传染时期的的患者中进行了纯音听力测定、声波阻抗、耳声发射和脑干听力测定,并在28名健康儿童且具有正常耳镜检查的同样进行了上述检查。最后,研究人员对2个小组的听力损失检查结果进行了比较。研究发现,在SIGAD小组中,2个男性患者的1个女性患者被发现具有感官听力损

Lancet Public Health:禁烟使儿童肺炎入院率降低18.5%,重度哮喘发作减少9.8%,早产儿减少3.7%

英国爱丁堡大学与荷兰伊拉斯姆斯大学医学中心的学者在Lancet Public Health上发表的系统回顾和荟萃分析结果显示,实施世界卫生组织烟草控制框架公约为全球签署国家的儿童健康带来了显著的好处。

Arch Dis Child:澳大利亚儿童听力损失代表性的流行病学研究

最近,有研究人员在澳大利亚年龄在11岁-12岁儿童的国家性研究中,调查了听力损失的流行和特征、人口统计学风险因素和自1990年来的增长趋势。研究包括了1485名儿童(49.8%为听力保留;49.7%为男孩),他们经历了气传导的听力测定。研究发现,对高弗莱彻指数,双边和单边听力损失不小于16dB HL的流行度分别为9.3%和13.3%。轻度听力损失(16-25dB HL)比中度或者更严重的(不小于2

Lancet Respir Med:噻托溴铵治疗1至5岁持续性哮喘症状儿童怎么样?

2018年2月,发表在《Lancet Respir Med》的一项由荷兰、德国、美国和丹麦科学家进行的随机、双盲、安慰剂对照试验,考察了噻托溴铵在1~5岁持续性哮喘症状儿童中的有效性和安全性。

JAHA:肺动脉高压儿童和青年人心导管检查主要早期不良事件的危险因素!

由此可见,青年PH患者是诊断性和介入性心导管检查的高危人群。医院处理PH的经验与与降低的风险相关,独立于总的心导管病例数量。