Alzheimer's & Dementia:ApoE4基因是如何损伤大脑,进而引发阿尔茨海默症的?

2020-06-29 转化医学网 转化医学网

近日,《阿尔茨海默氏症与痴呆》杂志上发表了一项新研究,揭示了ApoE4基因损伤大脑的机制。

载脂蛋白E(ApoE)是人脑的一种传递服务。它为神经元提供重要的营养物质,包括多不饱和脂肪酸,而多不饱和脂肪酸是神经元周围细胞膜的组成部分。此外,某些不饱和脂肪酸被转化为所谓的内源性大麻素。这些内源性信号分子调节神经系统的许多功能,如记忆,但也控制免疫反应,从而保护大脑免受炎症。

ApoE通过一种叫做sortilin的膜受体到达神经元。在一个称为内吞作用的过程中,sortilin与ApoE结合并通过细胞膜内陷将其运输到神经元内部。ApoE和sortilin的相互作用对我们的大脑健康有重大影响:如果没有足够多的多不饱和脂肪酸到达灰色细胞,它们就会开始消耗,变得容易引起炎症反应。

但并非所有的ApoE都是一样的。人类有三种基因变异:ApoE2、ApoE3和ApoE4。它们在运输脂质的功能上没有什么不同。与sortilin结合的能力在所有变异中也是相同的。然而,携带E4变异的人患老年痴呆症的风险是E3变异的人的12倍。大约15%的人携带ApoE4。

多年来一直在赫尔姆霍兹协会(MDC)的马克斯·德尔布鲁克分子医学中心研究神经退行性疾病的发展,柏林查理特医科大学和奥胡斯大学的教授托马斯·威尔诺(Thomas Willnow)表示:“为什么ApoE4显着增加阿尔茨海默氏症的风险是阿尔茨海默氏症研究的核心问题之一?”

ApoE4阻止了sortilin的循环

威尔诺实验室的一项研究为ApoE4对大脑造成如此危险的原因提供了一种可能的解释。这项研究最近发表在《阿尔茨海默氏症与痴呆》(Alzheimer's & Dementia)杂志上。研究发现,在E3变异体中,内吞作用平稳:Sortilin与脂质载脂蛋白ApoE3结合。在神经元内沉积它的货物后,sortilin返回到细胞表面与新的ApoE结合。这个过程每小时重复许多次,从而为神经元提供足够数量的必需脂肪酸。

然而,当涉及ApoE4时,它就会停止。如果sortilin与ApoE4结合并将其运输到神经元内部,受体就会在细胞内聚集。它不能返回到细胞表面,内吞作用过程慢慢停止。最终,被吸收的脂肪酸越来越少,灰质细胞无法保护自己,从而发炎。因此,随着衰老过程的开始,它们很容易受到细胞死亡的影响,并最终死亡。因此,患阿尔茨海默氏症的风险急剧增加。

威尔诺解释说,他们使用了一个定制的老鼠模型来模拟人类的脂质代谢,他的团队通过培育能产生人类ApoE变体ApoE3或ApoE4的转基因老鼠来实现这一点。然后,他们使用质谱分析法(一种分析原子和分子的技术)研究了老鼠大脑的脂质组成。他们发现ApoE3的老鼠大脑中的脂质成分是健康的,不饱和脂肪酸和内源性大麻素含量足够。

相比之下,E4小鼠的脑细胞没有得到足够的脂质。在显微镜下,研究人员看到ApoE4小鼠的膜囊被卡在神经元内,这些膜囊通常将sortilin从细胞内部带回细胞表面,这表明载脂蛋白e4导致受体聚集。

一种潜在的阿尔茨海默病治疗新方法

威尔诺表示,这一发现可能为治疗阿尔茨海默氏症的新策略提供了基础。患有E4变异的人可以用一种药剂来治疗,这种药剂可以防止ApoE4导致受体sortilin结块。这种药剂已经在神经元培养中进行了测试。

目前,威尔诺在MDC的实验室与丹麦奥胡斯大学的神经科学研究中心合作,致力于开发这样一种治疗方法。威尔诺表示:“如果我们成功开发出这样一种药物,筛选ApoE4可能是有意义的。然后我们就可以采取预防措施,防止有遗传风险的人的灰色细胞受到炎性损伤。但在那之前,我宁愿不知道我有什么ApoE变体。”

原始出处:

Antonino Asaro et al. Apolipoprotein E4 disrupts the neuroprotective action of sortilin in neuronal lipid metabolism and endocannabinoid signaling. Alzheimer's disease & dementia (2020). DOI: 10.1101/2020.01.12.903187.

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    2020-07-01 bnjfy
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    2020-07-01 xiongke016

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