新生儿黄疸,医生关注的是什么?

2017-10-07 Jimmy 医信妇儿频道

据媒体报道,由于家长认为“新生儿黄疸不过是小问题”,不顾医生住院建议,强行要求黄疸值较高的新生儿出院,三天后,孩子变成“小金人”,差点命丧黄疸。


据媒体报道,由于家长认为“新生儿黄疸不过是小问题”,不顾医生住院建议,强行要求黄疸值较高的新生儿出院,三天后,孩子变成“小金人”,差点命丧黄疸。

案例回顾

该患儿出院时出生第二天便被发现黄疸较高,医生建议住院治疗,但家长拒绝。出院时孩子胆红素280umol/L,黄疸未退,有红细胞葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶缺乏病(G6PD,俗称蚕豆病)

3天后,患儿再次因高胆红素血症、G6PD入院,经皮胆红素值为520umol/L,全身皮肤呈金黄色,像个“小金人”,偶有四肢抖动,测血中总胆红素高达518umol/L,比普通黄疸患儿高了2倍。

院方立即予蓝光治疗和换血治疗。3个多小时后,患儿换血顺利结束,暂无任何不良反应,体内胆红素降到200umol/L。



经过一周观察,目前患儿已恢复健康,顺利出院。

新生儿黄疸是小问题吗?

大多数情况下,新生儿黄疸确实是小问题,约60%新生儿可出现不同程度黄疸。如果是生理性黄疸,一般持续3周左右会逐渐消退,最关键的还是多吃多排,很好护理。生理性黄疸的特点是出生后2-3天出现,4-7天达高峰,程度轻,呈亮黄色。

但遇病理性黄疸时,往往就不是可以忽略、家庭护理处理的“小问题”了。比如以上案例,该院新生儿科陈慧主任就表示,根据该患儿当时情况是急需换血治疗的,如果不及时换血,胆红素会进入大脑,导致胆红素脑病,对孩子的智力和今后的生活都会造成严重的影响。

胆红素脑病是新生儿科医生最担心的问题,偏偏又是家长们不清楚、容易忽略的情况。

在《中华儿科杂志》2010年公布的新生儿黄疸诊疗原则的专家共识中,指出了发生中毒高胆红素血症的高危因素有:新生儿溶血、窒息、缺氧、酸中毒、脓毒血症、高热、低体温、低蛋白血症、低血糖等,易形成胆红素脑病。



专家共识中还谈到具体高危因素有主要危险因素、次要危险因素和危险性降低的因素,其中主要危险因素就涉及到了案例中的情况:



患儿在出生第二天即出现黄疸,估算时间大致满足主要危险因素的第二条“生后24h内发生黄疸”,同时还患有“其他溶血病(如G6PD缺陷)”——在这种情况下,如果家长仍任性认为“黄疸是小问题”,坚持出院,医生千万多拦着,实在拦不下来必须要做充分的知情告知。哪怕冒着被家属认为是“危言耸听”的情况下,为了孩子的健康,儿科医生有时候也不得不受委屈。

顺便把其他两种因素也截图给大家温习一下。



目前二孩政策放开,年龄≥25岁的母亲越来越多,高龄妈妈诞下的宝宝也是需要各位医生更加关注的重点。

除了高危因素外,新生儿胆红素水平在具体什么情况下需要干预呢?下图就是一个较为清晰的图表。

《美国新生儿黄疸诊疗指南(2004)》和我国《新生儿黄疽诊疗原则的专家共识(2014)》都将新生儿胆红素水平分为高危、高中危、低中危、低危4个区, 其中>95百分位为高危区,发生严重高胆红素血症和胆红素脑病的风险大大增加,应予以干预。



换血治疗

治疗高胆红素血症,主要目的是降低血清胆红素水平,预防重度高胆红素血症和胆红素脑病发生。

根据《新生儿高胆红素血症诊断和治疗专家共识》,高胆红素血症的干预手段主要有三:光疗、换血、一些药物的辅助治疗。



此处划重点——

光疗被评价为最常用、有效又安全的方法。

换血疗法一般用于光疗失败、溶血症或已出现早期胆红脑病临床表现者。

TSB与白蛋白(Alb)比值(B/A)可作为高胆红素血症干预决策的参考。

我们再温习一下换血中应注意的问题:
  • 换血过程中应注意监测生命体征(体温、心率、血压和氧饱和度),并做好记录。注意严格无菌操作。
  • 注意监测血气、血糖、电解质、血钙、血常规。
  • 换血时需等容量匀速地抽出和输入血液。一般控制全程在90—120 min内。
  • 换血后可发生TSB反弹,应继续光疗,并每4小时监测TSB。如果监测TSB超过换血前水平应再次换血。
最后的叮嘱

新生儿黄疸在多数情况下小问题,但一旦碰上大问题,可不是家长能够识别出来的。普通人和医学之间本身就存在着难以逾越的壁垒,虽然目前互联网资讯发达,人们获取科普知识的门槛越来越低,只是网络说法是否靠谱,自己还需多方辨识。

如果临床医生强烈要求黄疸儿住院,不理解的家长尽可能跟医生认真沟通,做到了解病情,理解医生的建议内容和根据。

毕竟要记得,医生和家长终归是坐在同一条船上的,方向都是朝着孩子健康而去,该听医生时,还是要听的。“小金人”痊愈了,是万幸,只盼不会再有这种因自以为是而让孩子健康涉险的新闻。

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    2017-11-30 董海鹏

    重视新生儿黄疸.不要过度治疗

    0

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    2017-10-09 楚秀娟
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    2017-10-09 1391e9f2a7m

    很多人都自以为事.学习了

    0

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    2017-10-08 童小孩

    谢谢

    0

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    2017-10-08 明天会更好!

    学习了学习了

    0

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