APT:胰高糖素样肽-1受体激动剂在非酒精性脂肪性肝炎、肥胖和糖尿病中的作用!

2022-03-19 从医路漫漫 MedSci原创

非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(NASH)是非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)的一种严重亚型,其特征是脂肪堆积和炎症,没有继发性原因和大量饮酒。在美国,NAFLD和NASH分别影响约30%和5%的成年人。

背景:非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(NASH)是非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)的一种严重亚型,其特征是脂肪堆积和炎症,没有继发性原因和大量饮酒。在美国,NAFLD和NASH分别影响约30%和5%的成年人。发展为NASH的危险因素包括2型糖尿病(T2D)和肥胖、血脂异常、代谢综合征和高血压。在真实世界的队列患者中,在所有NAFLD患者中,50%有糖尿病,66%患有肥胖症,19%患有心血管疾病(CVD)。 NASH背后的病理过程包括代谢底物过载、肝细胞应激和损伤(脂毒性),导致细胞死亡和触发纤维化的炎症途径的激活。这些过程的组织学标志包括甘油三酯积聚(脂肪变性)、气球样变、细胞凋亡、小叶和门脉炎症、过度基质沉积(纤维化)。进展的纤维化与不良临床结局有关,包括全因和肝脏相关的死亡,约20%的患者发展为肝硬化和/或肝细胞癌。

     一些基因变异与NASH的发展和进展有关。有证据表明,这些变异中的三个(PNPLA3p.I148M、TM6SF2p.E167K和GCKR p.P446L)与肥胖之间存在强烈的相互作用,这显著放大了它们的影响。

      胰岛素抵抗是代谢综合征10的主要组成部分,也是T2D和肥胖的重要特征,也是NASH的关键致病因素。患有NAFLD和脂肪变性的患者具有严重的胰岛素抵抗,并伴有肝脏胰岛素抵抗和新生脂肪生成。非酯化脂肪酸的过量溢出和甘油三酯衍生的有毒代谢物通过或通过脂肪分解从脂肪组织中释放出来,也会导致疾病进展和肝外并发症。

目前,在欧洲和北美还没有被批准的治疗NASH的药物,生活方式的改变仍然是治疗的基石。综合的12个月生活方式方案引起的体重减轻已被证明能引起NASH患者重要的组织学变化。然而,需要体重减轻≥10%的才能证明脂肪肝炎或纤维化和门脉炎症的改善。在接受常规护理的真实世界的美国非酒精性脂肪肝患者队列中,32%的最初超重或肥胖的人能够在39个月的中位数随访中实现≥5%的体重减轻。然而,这种减肥并不是所有人都能持续的,在减肥者中,有21%的人体重回升,并恢复到基线体重。

随着我们对NASH病理生理学的了解不断加深,这些洞察力导致了对新的潜在治疗方法的探索。NASH与代谢紊乱,特别是肥胖和T2D的关联,为研究肠源性胰岛素样激素-1(GLP-1)作为治疗靶点提供了强有力的理论基础。

目的:综述与NASH治疗相关的GLP-1RAs的研究。

方法:对PubMed进行检索,并对结果进行整理。

结果:在T2D中使用GLP-1RAs的大型试验表明,降糖非常有效,体重减轻,在某些情况下,减少了心血管事件和改善了肝脏转氨酶。在超重或肥胖且无T2D的个体中,GLP-1RAS、利拉鲁肽和赛马路德与临床相关的持续体重减轻相关。在NASH的II期试验中,利拉鲁肽减少了与NASH发病相关的关键器官的代谢障碍、胰岛素抵抗和脂肪毒性。此外,利拉鲁肽和赛马鲁肽可使约40%至60%的NASH患者的组织学消退,尽管对纤维化有统计学意义的影响尚未得到证实。在安全性方面,GLP-1RAs与胃肠道和胆囊相关的不良事件有关,后者可能与体重减轻有关。荟萃分析没有显示GLP-1RAs增加急性胰腺炎、胰腺癌或其他恶性肿瘤的风险。

图1 GLP-1受体激动剂GLP-1RA(药物特异性)的生理作用概述

表 T2D和高心血管风险患者应用GLP-1RAs的III期国际CVOTS综述

结论:这些研究支持使用GLP-1RAs改善NASH中观察到的潜在代谢功能障碍,并建议进一步进行长期III期试验。

原文出处:Barritt AS,  Marshman E,  Noureddin M,Review article: Role of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, obesity and diabetes-what hepatologists need to know.Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2022 Mar 09

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    2022-10-29 qjddjq
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