DIABETES RES CLIN PR:关于糖尿病肾病患者胰岛素治疗的专家共识

2017-05-27 伊文 赛诺菲医学部

  糖尿病肾病患者胰岛素整体需求下降,因此需根据肾脏疾病的严重程度,调整患者的胰岛素用量。2017年2月27日,Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice杂志发表了一篇专家共识,针对糖尿病肾病患者,为初级保健医生提供不同胰岛素方案的适宜剂量及剂量调整方法的简易指导。

  
糖尿病肾病患者胰岛素整体需求下降,因此需根据肾脏疾病的严重程度,调整患者的胰岛素用量。2017年2月27日,Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice杂志发表了一篇专家共识,针对糖尿病肾病患者,为初级保健医生提供不同胰岛素方案的适宜剂量及剂量调整方法的简易指导。

该慢性肾脏病胰岛素治疗专家共识对慢性肾脏病相关医学文献进行系统性回顾,涵盖基础胰岛素、餐时胰岛素、预混胰岛素及基础餐时胰岛素4种治疗方案,评估了患者胰岛素用量及胰岛素剂量调整情况。2016年8月20日德里国际胰岛素峰会期间医生小组对相关医学证据进行回顾和分析,并由印度内分泌专家、医生和主要意见领导专家小组讨论产生推荐意见。推荐意见参考当前指南推荐、说明书建议及已发表的循证证据,对慢性肾脏病患者胰岛素剂量、剂量调整及剂量评估,血糖控制目标和血糖监测3方面给出具体建议:

慢性肾脏病患者胰岛素剂量、剂量调整和评估

当前指南推荐:2012年美国国家肾脏基金会(NKF)发布的《KDOQI糖尿病及慢性肾脏病临床实践指南》未针对3、4、5期慢性肾脏病患者提供胰岛素剂量调整的具体建议,此外,美国糖尿病学(ADA)、加拿大糖尿病学会(CAD)发布的最新指南亦未对合并慢性肾脏病的糖尿病患者的胰岛素使用给出任何推荐。所有胰岛素均可被患者使用,但需根据每例患者的具体情况调整胰岛素类型、剂量及注射方法,以实现血糖控制,并避免低血糖的发生。

说明书推荐:多数胰岛素说明书也推荐肾脏损伤患者需仔细监测血糖,并调整胰岛素剂量,但尚无说明书给出胰岛素剂量调整的具体方法。

已发表循证证据:对于餐时胰岛素,速效胰岛素类似物与人胰岛素相比在慢性肾脏病患者中的吸收更快、餐后血糖控制更好,且低血糖风险更低;对于基础胰岛素,甘精胰岛素由于半衰期稳定且作用时间较长,因此可能在肾衰竭的患者中可快速有效且安全地降低HbA1c;对于预混胰岛素,目前尚无已发表的用于慢性肾脏病患者的证据。杜克大学医学中心血糖安全委员会推荐,慢性肾脏病1、2期的患者,每日总胰岛素剂量无需调整,但对于慢性肾脏病3、4、5期患者,每日总胰岛素剂量分别需减少30%、50%、60%。

专家共识推荐

慢性肾脏病患者胰岛素剂量及剂量调整

根据体重估算慢性肾脏病患者胰岛素剂量

慢性肾脏病患者的血糖控制目标

当前指南推荐

2016年ADA《糖尿病诊疗标准》推荐特定糖尿病患者可采取更宽松或更严格的HbA1c控制目标,如有严重低血糖史、严重糖尿病并发症等的患者,HbA1c目标可放宽至<8%,对于能够实现且无严重低血糖或其他不良影响的患者,HbA1c目标可<6.5%;2012 年KDOQI推荐可将HbA1c控制在~7%,以预防或延缓包括糖尿病肾病在内的糖尿病微血管并发症。

说明书推荐

目前尚无胰岛素说明书给出任何关于肾功能不全患者的血糖控制目标推荐。

已发表

目前这方面的证据较少。少数研究显示,对于糖尿病肾病患者,将透析前的HbA1c控制在<7%,可改善透析阶段的长期结局;对于接受透析的糖尿病患者,将血糖控制HbA1c<7.5%~8.0%,空腹血糖<7.8mmol/L,餐后2h血糖<11.1 mmol/L,可改善患者结局。

专家共识推荐

慢性肾脏病患者的血糖控制目标

慢性肾脏病患者的血糖监测

当前指南推荐

2007年KDOQI的建议与ADA指南关于糖尿病肾病患者血糖监测的推荐一致,即接受每日多次胰岛素注射的患者,每日至少进行3次(餐前和睡前)自我血糖监测(SMBG);对于接受速效胰岛素治疗的患者,需于餐后进行SMBG以调整餐时胰岛素剂量,实现餐后血糖控制目标。

已发表循证证据

目前尚无最佳SMBG频率的报道,SMBG频率需个体化,依据患者的临床状态而定;对于尿毒症透析患者,动态血糖监测系统(CGMS)是一种准确而可靠的血糖监测方法,可通过提供实时血糖值获得更好的血糖控制。

专家共识推荐

慢性肾脏病患者的血糖监测

总体而言,基于当前指南推荐、临床研究及观察性研究,专家共识推荐:1. 在慢性肾脏病患者中,随肾小球滤过率降低,胰岛素剂量需减少,且可根据体重估算胰岛素剂量;2. 最佳血糖控制目标需依据患者自身肾小球滤过率设定;3. SMBG是首选的血糖监测方法,但若患者负担得起,可考虑进行CGMS。这些建议将为临床医生和专家治疗糖尿病肾病患者时提供指导。

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    2017-07-22 baoya
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    2017-05-30 惠映实验室

    DN应时刻检测血糖变化。

    0

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    2017-05-27 1e0f8808m18(暂无匿称)

    糖尿病肾病,监测血糖,调整胰岛素用量。

    0

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