Nat Biotech:CRISPR又“摊上事”?“魔剪”或致大量DNA缺失和重排

2018-07-21 风铃 生物探索

CRISPR基因编辑技术自2013年以来就一直是研究热点,在疾病治疗上被寄予厚望。然而,这一新技术却暗藏很多潜在的安全问题,包括引发“意外突变”、增加癌症风险、受患者免疫系统“威胁”……现在,一篇最新研究再一次“泼冷水”:CRISPR会造成编辑位点附近出现大量DNA缺失和重排。

这一潜在风险由英国Wellcome Sanger研究所的科学家们发现,并于7月16日以“Repair of double-strand breaks induced by CRISPR–Cas9 leads to large deletions and complex rearrangements”为题发表在《Nature Biotechnology》期刊。

这些“缺陷”容易干扰试验结果,从而增加基于CRISPR治疗的复杂化,引发科研人员对CRISPR准确性的质疑。

最新研究

CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑依赖于Cas9酶在特定目标位点切割DNA。随后,细胞试图利用DNA修复机制重新“封印”这一断裂。这一系列机制并不总是完美,有时候DNA片段会被删除或者重排,或者不相关的DNA片段会被合并到染色体中。

研究负责人、Wellcome Sanger研究所的遗传学家Allan Bradley表示:“细胞试图将东西重新缝合在一起,但是事实上它不是很清楚哪些DNA片段彼此相邻。”

科学家们常常利用CRISPR产生微小的缺失,希望能够破坏基因的功能。遗憾的是,当Allan Bradley团队检查CRISPR编辑结果时,他们发现了大量的缺失——通常有几千个碱基那么长,此外还有复杂的DNA重排——原本相距甚远的DNA被连接在一起。

这些错误现象在研究团队测试的3种细胞类型中都很普遍,包括小鼠胚胎干细胞、小鼠造血祖细胞和人类细胞。而且,这些大量的基因变化不会被基因编辑领域常用的检测方法发现。

“漏诊”

很多研究人员使用了一种扩增短片段DNA的方法,用于检测基因编辑是否完成。但是,布兰迪斯大学的分子生物学家James Haber认为,这一方法可能会漏掉大量DNA缺失、重排的现象。

James Haber指出,DNA缺失、重排只会出现在依赖于DNA切割的基因编辑技术中,其他避免DNA切割的CRISPR编辑类型不会出现这些错误——例如一种“碱基编辑”(base editing)的方法通过使用一个经过修改的CRISPR系统,能够在不切断DNA的前提下置换单个剪辑,另外还有系统会通过将灭活的Cas9与其他酶融合,从而调控基因的表达与否,或者靶向RNA。

DNA缺失的现象已经引起了科学家们的注意。eGenesis公司正在利用基因编辑技术改造猪器官用于移植。公司联合创始人、首席科学家杨璐菡表示,公司会使用多种方法查找大大小小的缺失。

另一家基于CRISPR技术开发疾病治疗方法的公司Intellia同样也在寻找大量的缺失。高级副总裁Thomas Barnes表示,公司研究团队正在小鼠肝脏的基因编辑研究中寻找DNA缺失,但是迄今为止他们还没有发现此类删除的证据。他推测,这可能是因为团队使用的细胞不经常分裂。而在Bradley最新的研究中,他们使用的则是分裂活跃的细胞。

需要重视

CRISPR的出现革新了生命医学的研究和应用,这一技术在问世短短几年内就被誉为“世纪发现”。然而,距离真正应用于疾病治疗,CRISPR依然面临着很多障碍,例如“脱靶效应”。去年《Nature Methods》期刊发文揭示,CRISPR能够引入数百种意想不到的突变到基因组中。今年6月,《Nature Medicine》期刊连发两篇文章,揭示了CRISPR应用的又一风险:增加癌症风险!

Salk研究所的生物工程师Patrick Hsu认为,这些预想之外的风险需要科学家们格外重视。但同时,Haber也强调,这些错误不应该成为阻止CRISPR应用的理由。不过,当使用它时,科学家们需要做更彻底的分析。

原始出处:

Michael Kosicki, Krt Tomberg & Allan Bradley. Repair of double-strand breaks induced by CRISPR–Cas9 leads to large deletions and complex rearrangements. Nature Biotechnology, 2018.

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    2019-03-19 liye789132251
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    2019-05-11 cathymary
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    2019-06-10 sunylz
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    2018-11-01 shock_melon
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    2018-07-23 yuandd
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    2018-07-22 kafei

    学习了谢谢

    0

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