缺血性脑卒中患者血压管理全攻略

2019-08-11 王强 慢病管理网

高血压是引起脑卒中的最重要危险因素,脑卒中具有发病率高、死亡率高和致残率高的特点。不同类型的脑卒中,其治疗方式不同。目前认为预防是最好的措施,其中高血压是导致脑卒中的重要可控危险因素,因此,降压治疗对预防卒中发病和复发尤为重要。在今年举办的第十届中国慢病管理大会上,来自首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院神经病学中心的马锐华教授以“缺血性脑卒中患者的血压管理策略”为主题作了精彩报告。首都医科大学附属北

高血压是引起脑卒中的最重要危险因素,脑卒中具有发病率高、死亡率高和致残率高的特点。

不同类型的脑卒中,其治疗方式不同。目前认为预防是最好的措施,其中高血压是导致脑卒中的重要可控危险因素,因此,降压治疗对预防卒中发病和复发尤为重要。

在今年举办的第十届中国慢病管理大会上,来自首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院神经病学中心的马锐华教授以“缺血性脑卒中患者的血压管理策略”为主题作了精彩报告。



首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院神经病学中心的马锐华教授

缺血性卒中患者

降压治疗的必要性

INTERSTROKE研究显示,卒中有10大可控危险因素,以高血压危害最大。

高血压会导致卒中复发风险增高,高血压管理与脑卒中的二级预防关系密切。

PATS、PROGRESS等多项研究证实,对卒中患者进行降压治疗,可显着减少卒中的复发和血管事件的发生,降低卒中发生危险。

《JNC8高血压指南》、《2018ESH高血压指南》等国际最新指南再次强调降压的重要性。

《JNC8高血压指南》指出,高血压治疗的主要目的是达到并维持血压目标值。

《2018ESH高血压指南》则强调,降压药物带来的获益主要是血压降低。

降压的目标值

关于有卒中病史高血压患者的血压控制目标,2018年《ESH高血压指南》强调,急性缺血卒中后>3天仍有高血压≥140/90 mmHg的稳定患者,应当考虑启动或重新启降压药物。

《2014年中国缺血性卒中二级预防指南》认为,颅内大动脉粥样硬化性狭窄(狭窄率70%~99%)导致的缺血性卒中,推荐血压<140/90 mmHg。

《美国卒中二级预防指南》指出,数天后未经治疗时血压≥140/90 mmHg时应启动降压治疗。

2014年《美国缺血性卒中二级预防指南》关于高血压的主要推荐(修订后)意见:

既往未接受降压治疗、发病后数日Bp持续≥140/90 mmHg,应启动降压(I,B);

Bp<140/90 mmHg者,降压获益不明确(II b,C);

既往高血压并接受降压治疗者,为预防卒中复发和其他血管事件,应在数日后恢复降压治疗(I,A);

降压目标值尚不明确,应个体化,但一般可将血压控制<140/90 mmHg(IIa,B),近期腔隙性卒中者,SBP控制在130 mmHg可能是合理的(IIb,B);

颅内大动脉狭窄(50%~99%)导致的卒中或TIA患者,推荐SBP<140/90 mmHg和高强度他汀治疗(I B)。

卒中二级预防PROGRESS研究发现,不同血压水平从降压治疗中的获益不同。

把握正确时机

启动二级预防降压治疗

《2014中国急性缺血性脑卒中诊治指南》推荐:

缺血性脑卒中后24h内血压升高的患者应谨慎处理。

应先处理紧张焦虑、疼痛、恶心呕吐及颅内压增高等情况;

血压持续升高,收缩压≥200 mmHg或舒张压≥110 mmHg,或伴有严重心功能不全、主动脉夹层、高血压脑病的患者,可予降压治疗,并严密观察血压变化。

可选用静脉药物,避免使用引起血压急剧下降的药物。

《2014中国缺血性脑卒中和短暂性脑缺血发作二级预防指南》推荐:

既往未接受降压治疗的缺血性脑卒中或TIA患者,发病数天后如果收缩压≥140 mmHg或舒张压≥90 mmHg,应启动降压治疗;

既往有高血压病史且长期接受降压药物治疗的缺血性脑卒中或TIA患者,如果没有绝对禁忌,发病后数天应重新启动降压治疗;

降压治疗减少脑卒中发病风险的获益主要来自于降压本身。

应全面考虑药物、脑卒中的特点和患者3方面因素。

急性期高血压的特点为约70%的缺血性卒中患者急性期血压升高,原因主要包括:

疼痛、恶心呕吐、颅内压增高、意识模糊、焦虑、脑卒中后应激状态、病前存在高血压等。多数患者在脑卒中后24h内血压自发降低。

INWEST研究、SCAST研究及VENTURE研究分别证实大幅降压、适度降压及轻度降压都可能不存在获益。临床研究证实,急性期不宜积极降压。

启动二级预防降压治疗,需平衡急性期降压的风险和二级预防降压的获益,把握降压时机是关键!

《2014 AHA/ASA缺血性卒中/TIA患者卒中二级预防指南》强调,IS或TIA患者应在最初的数天后启动或恢复降压治疗。

INWEST研究证实,IS患者24h内积极降压,神经功能和日常功能无获益,高剂量降压风险更高。

SCAST研究显示,卒中患者30h内谨慎降压,复合血管事件和功能性结局不存在获益。

VENTURE研究表明,IS患者24-48h内小幅降压,死亡/依赖性、复合血管事件等不存在获益。二级预防降压不应早于24h,24~48h间降压仍可能存在风险。

特殊人群可能需要

尽早启动降压治疗

指南推荐的及早干预人群为溶栓及血压过高患者。

CATIS研究、ENOS研究显示,重症患者较早启动二级预防降压治疗可能存在获益。

关于急性期的降压药物选择,需要时可选用静脉药物,严密观察血压变化。

需要注意的是,缺血性脑卒中后24小时内血压升高的患者应谨慎处理,避免使用引起血压急剧下降的药。

二级预防的血压管理应基于高血压治疗的常规降压药物选择。利尿剂是AHA/ASA卒中二级指南推荐的降压药物。

研究发现,常规降压药物使用均可降低卒中风险,ARB、CCB和利尿剂呈现相对更强的作用。

总结

急性期降压和二级预防降压存在不同的结局,为了平衡急性期降压的风险和二级预防降压的获益,把握降压时机尤为重要:

6小时内积极降压可能存在一定获益;

6~24小时间降压可能不存在获益,需避免这一时间降压;

24~48小时间降压,不同研究存在分歧;

48小时~4周间降压仍需更多临床研究数据,当患者状况稳定时,尤其在48小时后,可考虑尽早启动降压;

4周后降压存在获益,可强化降压至目标值140/90 mmHg。

急性期及二级预防的药物选择存在差异。与急性期不同,除直接来源于降压的获益外,不同的作用机制可能带来额外获益。利尿剂、ARB、CCB等常规降压药物均可用于卒中二级预防的血压管理。

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  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1893200, encodeId=8d76189320027, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c738e93521f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#缺血性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=79352, encryptionId=c738e93521f, topicName=缺血性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=66ec123, createdName=guihongzh, createdTime=Thu Jun 04 13:31:00 CST 2020, time=2020-06-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1679134, encodeId=f1fd16e913420, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7a2684e600b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#脑卒中患者#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=84760, encryptionId=7a2684e600b, topicName=脑卒中患者)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=091e27733095, createdName=weihongyv, createdTime=Sat Jul 11 16:31:00 CST 2020, time=2020-07-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1720303, encodeId=d2fa1e2030385, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=915c3604e6b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#卒中患者#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=36047, encryptionId=915c3604e6b, topicName=卒中患者)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=940232842333, createdName=wangyang7969, createdTime=Sun Sep 01 19:31:00 CST 2019, time=2019-09-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1807116, encodeId=f01b180e116af, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=245de9378aa' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#缺血性脑#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=79378, encryptionId=245de9378aa, topicName=缺血性脑)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTLGtr9t89oicQdQSIeKmOQic1weIWfibJ7H24XnT8ic9wiaUMTnXByenuwicOj8Jib42ibHXNptnuiaKthhiaVw/132, createdBy=ac342500190, createdName=ms7524819409032184, createdTime=Wed Dec 11 08:31:00 CST 2019, time=2019-12-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1344329, encodeId=cb91134432916, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=683a88964b0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#血压管理#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=88964, encryptionId=683a88964b0, topicName=血压管理)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=793a2500200, createdName=12498e5fm12(暂无昵称), createdTime=Tue Aug 13 12:31:00 CST 2019, time=2019-08-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1026429, encodeId=54031026429e4, content=卒中虽然是临床上常见病,溶栓,取栓等血管内治疗也很成熟,但是仍然有很多未知问题有待认知!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=健健, createdTime=Mon Aug 12 00:31:00 CST 2019, time=2019-08-12, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-08-12 健健

    卒中虽然是临床上常见病,溶栓,取栓等血管内治疗也很成熟,但是仍然有很多未知问题有待认知!

    0

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