用代码治愈癌症?当微软程序员的人文关怀融入癌症治疗

2019-11-12 佚名 药明康德AI

得益于工业科技的发展,第一次工业革命,人类获得了蒸汽机;第二次工业革命,人类拥有了闪亮光明的电;第三次科技革命,人类开始走进互联网世界;进入21世纪的第四次“工业”革命,是以基因、虚拟现实、量子信息技术、清洁能源、生物技术为突破口的工业革命,人们获得AI、VR等各类新技术的同时,在医疗领域是否也能同样进入“无癌时代”呢?

得益于工业科技的发展,第一次工业革命,人类获得了蒸汽机;第二次工业革命,人类拥有了闪亮光明的电;第三次科技革命,人类开始走进互联网世界;进入21世纪的第四次“工业”革命,是以基因、虚拟现实、量子信息技术、清洁能源、生物技术为突破口的工业革命,人们获得AI、VR等各类新技术的同时,在医疗领域是否也能同样进入“无癌时代”呢?

自癌症被发现起便成了人们关注的焦点,虽然医学技术渐进突破发展,可时至今日,癌症这个健康难题却仍是人们心中的一块“大石”,每年也仍有近千万人死于各种癌症。人们距离攻克癌症,可能还有千里之遥。

短暂回到3年前的秋天,微软(Microsoft)的“10年癌症计划”由此诞生。他们宣布了一项宏伟的计划,利用计算机科学在10年之内解决某些癌症问题。为了让这个计划成功,微软不仅在电子领域积极探索,也从全世界集合了在癌症各个领域的生物学家和计算机科学家。

“人机共生”的临床知识库,解决癌症基因问题

近日,微软宣布与美国杰克逊实验室(the Jackson Laboratory, JAX)合作,打造“人机共生”的治疗生态系统,从而应对癌症遗传学问题。这也是微软2016年宣布的“癌症计划”的一部分。杰克逊实验室是一家拥有90年历史的非营利性独立研究机构,位于美国缅因州的巴尔港(Bar Harbor),该实验室因储存数千种用于临床研究的老鼠基因而闻名。

目前,以肿瘤基因为基础的癌症治疗方法的兴起。但从数据科学方面来讲,同时也造成了数据过载。据相关数据显示:在美国每年约有1700万癌症新发病例,同时每天均有数百份癌症研究报告发表,一定程度上现代医生面临的挑战是:在信息数据时代,如何把最佳方案的治疗范围缩小到每一个病人,使癌症治疗更有效、更个性多元。

微软和JAX此次合作,就将联合创建一个名为“临床知识库”(Clinical Knowledgebase)的系统,该系统利用自然语言处理技术(Natural Language Processing),能在已发表的癌症研究报告中找出与临床有关的数据。

基因测试可以确定癌症的遗传图谱,然后用循证医学将基因图谱与已发表的癌症研究相匹配,进而可以帮助医生评估潜在治疗方案。“临床知识库”的存在就相当于便捷的搜索引擎,能帮助医生在几秒钟内找出数千项癌症研究的相关信息。随着技术的发展,癌症基因测试费用问题被逐渐解决。目前对医疗体系来说,在这一领域的最大挑战是:如何有效利用这些遗传信息。

这一合作意味着,人类专家和计算机将进行最大程度的“知识融合”。机器擅长规模化工作,因此它们在筛选研究中扮演重要角色;而人类擅长触类旁通,能学习并接受许多特定知识并将其进行针对化应用,形成最有希望的治疗方案。这种“人机共生”的工作模式,对于解决癌症基因问题,无疑将是一大帮助。

“癌症计划” ,4大方向,2个驱动

随着时间推进,在“癌症计划”下,微软与各类医疗、研究机构的合作名单不断增加。微软将癌症比作bug,他们认为只要破译癌症“代码”,该疾病就可以被根除。在整个大的癌症计划的框架下,微软展开了许多研究,从整体来看整个计划从四个方向出发:

1.“癌症搜索引擎”——利用机器学习技术和自然语言处理技术,筛选癌症相关研究数据、制定个性化癌症最有效的治疗方案,也就是上文所提及的。

2.“癌症图像库”——结合机器学习,将计算机视觉技术应用于影像诊断,用于详细追踪肿瘤随时间推移的具体变化情况。

3.“全新算法”——一组研究人员开发强大的算法,整合技术,来综合帮助科学家了解癌症发展情况以及最适合的治疗方案。

4.“生物再编程”——让科学家有一天能够对细胞进行编程来治疗各种疾病(包括癌症),新方法将研发一种可以放置于细胞内检测的分子计算机,如果传感器检测到疾病,会启动相应措施治疗。不过这项研究还处于极早期阶段,距离长期目标还有很长的路要走。

总的来说,这4个方向可以归为两大驱动,即计算驱动和数据驱动。

计算驱动的方法立足于癌症以及生理变化过程是一种信息处理系统。这意味着,用于建模和推理计算流程的工具同样可以用于建模和推理生物的变化流程。而数据驱动的方法则是基于:研究人员可以对现有可用的大量生物数据应用机器学习等技术,并利用这些复杂的分析工具更好地了解癌症。

早前医疗AI发展开始进入停滞阶段,IBM的Waston项目也是遭受“挫折”,让人不禁疑问,所谓科技企业进入癌症治疗领域是空想还是现实?且不说是否行得通,至少在各种创新疗法不断诞生的今天,人工智能以及数字医疗也是众多应对癌症治疗的“新秀”之一。乐观但不盲目,谨慎却不守旧,我们期待癌症难题早日会被人类智慧攻克。

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    2020-10-19 huirong
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    2019-11-16 14794e5bm67(暂无昵称)

    非常受益,很好的研究

    0

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    2019-11-16 14794e5bm67(暂无昵称)

    非常受益,很好的研究

    0

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    2019-11-14 xlwang2693

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