JNNP:心房颤动患者口服抗凝治疗后缺血性卒中的发病病因、二级预防策略和预后

2022-05-19 网络 网络

直接口服抗凝剂(DOAC)或维生素K拮抗剂(VKA)可降低非瓣膜性心房颤动(AF)患者的缺血性卒中风险。然而,尽管在一级和二级预防中每年抗凝治疗的比例分别为0.7%至2.3%,但房颤患者仍有相当大的卒

直接口服抗凝剂(DOAC)或维生素K拮抗剂(VKA)可降低非瓣膜性心房颤动(AF)患者的缺血性卒中风险。然而,尽管在一级和二级预防中每年抗凝治疗的比例分别为0.7%至2.3%,但房颤患者仍有相当大的卒中风险。自DOAC引入以来,房颤患者口服抗凝剂预防卒中的总体使用量稳步增加,尤其是在卒中风险最高的房颤患者中。由于这一发展,尽管进行了抗凝治疗,但房颤患者中风的人数预计也会增加。越来越多的证据表明,与中风前未接受抗凝治疗的患者相比,尽管进行了抗凝治疗,但AF和中风患者未来复发的风险更高。

对于中风医生来说,尽管对房颤患者进行了抗凝治疗,但缺血性中风仍然是日常临床实践中的一个挑战,因为其病因尚不清楚。可能是大动脉和小血管疾病等相互竞争的中风机制。尽管进行了抗凝治疗,但很少有关于临床实践的记录存在。因此仍需更好地了解抗凝治疗后中风的病因,以便制定策略,防止中风后尽管抗凝治疗仍复发。到目前为止,有限的数据表明,更换抗凝剂类型没有任何益处。事实上,尽管进行了抗凝治疗,但中风患者的最佳治疗方法仍不清楚,最新的指南对此没有给出建议。

因此,本文试图(i)描述口服抗凝治疗后依然卒中的病因,(ii)在一项大型协作研究中调查随后的预防策略和结果,该研究对11个有经验的卒中中心的AF和卒中患者进行了抗凝治疗。本文发表在《神经病学,神经外科学和精神病学杂志》上()。

分析了11个卒中中心连续接受维生素K拮抗剂(VKA)或直接口服抗凝剂(DOAC)治疗但经指数成像证实为缺血性卒中的房颤患者。我们将中风病因学分类为:(i)除房颤相关心脏栓塞外的竞争性中风机制;(ii)抗凝不足(不依从或通过药物特异性分析测得的抗凝活性低);或者,(iii)尽管有足够的抗凝治疗,但仍有房颤相关的心脏栓塞。我们研究了指数卒中后3个月内主要终点(复发性缺血性卒中、颅内出血、死亡)和次要终点(复发性缺血性卒中)的后续预防策略。

                                                                                                               研究流程图

2946名患者中(中位年龄81岁) ;48%为女性;43%的VKA,57%的DOAC),713名患者(24%)的中风病因是竞争机制,934名患者(32%)抗凝不足,1299名患者(44%)尽管抗凝治疗充分,但心脏栓塞。研究发现主要终点(27%的患者;完整性91.6%)和次要终点(4.6%;完整性88.5%)的发生率较高。在指数卒中后,只有DOAC(vs VKA)治疗显示两个终点的几率较低(主要终点:调整后OR(aOR)(95%) CI)0.49(0.32至0.73);次要:0.44(0.24到0.80),但不在不同的DOAC类型之间切换。添加抗血小板药物对两个终点都有较高的几率(主要终点:aOR(95%) CI)1.99(1.25至3.15)。只有少数患者(1%)接受了左心耳阻塞作为额外的预防策略。

指数中风时(中风前)与出院时(中风后)口服抗凝剂治疗的变化

尽管房颤患者进行了抗凝治疗,但抗凝治疗不足仍然是卒中的一个重要病因。之前的报告要么缺乏这方面的信息,要么样本量较小。对抗凝不足的定义不仅包括自我报告的不依从性和不适当的低DOAC剂量,结合之前研究的结果,还包括入院时测量的抗凝活性。尽管抗凝治疗,但相关比例的中风可归因于抗凝治疗不足,这一发现很重要,因为这些中风可能是可以预防的。此类预防策略将包括采取干预措施,提高医生对剂量重要性的认识,以及确定不依从性高风险患者的方法,对药物摄入行为进行更细致的评估和加强依从性的干预措施。

这项对房颤患者进行抗凝治疗后仍发生缺血性卒中的研究表明,卒中的病因是异质性的,不良预后是常见的。虽然卒中后尽管进行了抗凝治疗,但DOAC治疗的预后优于VKA,但添加抗血小板治疗的预后较差;有必要进一步研究更个性化、更新颖的预防策略。

Polymeris AAMeinel TROehler H, et al Aetiology, secondary prevention strategies and outcomes of ischaemic stroke despite oral anticoagulant therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation

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    2022-07-22 日月
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    2022-10-27 howi
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    2023-03-09 guihongzh
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    2022-05-20 ms9000000080461052

    、丶学了

    0

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    2022-05-19 ms5000000644045955

    不错,学习了。

    0

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    2022-05-17 sodoo

    #心房#

    0

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