手术治疗陈旧性颞下颌关节脱位1例

2020-01-20 余念 鲁勇 口腔疾病防治

颞下颌关节脱位时间超过1个月,则可称为陈旧性颞下颌关节脱位(chronic prolonged mandibular dislocation,CPMD)。CPMD具有典型的病史和临床表现,其诊断并不困难,如果无法确诊可进行影像学检查。CPMD较少见,现报告1例超过6个月的CPMD手术治疗及效果。

颞下颌关节脱位时间超过1个月,则可称为陈旧性颞下颌关节脱位(chronic prolonged mandibular dislocation,CPMD)。CPMD具有典型的病史和临床表现,其诊断并不困难,如果无法确诊可进行影像学检查。CPMD较少见,现报告1例超过6个月的CPMD手术治疗及效果。
 
1.临床资料
 
1.1病史简介
 
患者夏某某,男,50岁。主诉为“进食时下巴脱位不能咬合6个月”。患者6个月前张口进食时突然下颌运动失常,后无法闭合,下颌前伸,前牙开。5个月前曾在外院行针灸治疗3个月,下颌前伸症状稍有好转。1个月前于外院拍摄X线片示:双侧髁突位于关节结节前上方。外院医生试行口外关节复位,髁突无法复位。遂来南京大学医学院附属口腔医院就诊,患者体质一般,否认其他系统病史、药物过敏史及遗传病史等。
 
1.2临床检查
 
颌面部基本对称,无口角歪斜、闭眼不全等,无半身不遂、面瘫症状。患者呈开口状,无法闭口。下颌不偏斜,下颌运动过程中无疼痛弹响。双侧耳屏前触诊有凹陷,无压痛,两侧颧弓下方可触及髁突形态。患者紧咬时,前后牙均呈开,无咬合接触,张口度一横指(图1a~1c)。


图1a:患者术前正面像;b:患者术前侧面像;c:患者术前张口度;
 
1.3辅助检查及诊断
 
CBCT显示:双侧颞下颌关节髁突均位于关节结节前上方,髁突向前、上、外移位,关节窝空虚,双侧髁突颈部后外侧密度增高影。诊断:双侧颞下颌关节陈旧性脱位。
 
1.4手术治疗
 
经双侧耳面纹沟、颞区,切开皮肤及皮下组织,翻瓣,保护颞浅血管及面神经颞支,在髁突表面切开表面组织附丽,逐渐显露髁突,见双侧髁突及关节结节周围有纤维组织增生,切除双侧髁突部分骨质,除去关节窝内增生的肉芽组织,此时双侧髁突可基本复回关节窝内。冲洗止血,显露出向前内移位的关节盘,将关节盘复位固定。修整髁突。于12与13、22与23、15与16、25与26、32与33、42与43、36与37、46与47之间牙槽嵴处各置入1枚牵引钉,一共8枚,行颌间结扎,口内咬合关系基本恢复正常。缝合关节囊,关闭创口,解除颌间结扎。术后给予抗炎治疗,流质饮食,颌间弹性牵引。
 
1.5复查情况
 
术后10d,患者闭口位双侧后牙有接触,前牙开症状明显好转,张口度约2.5横指,上下颌牙列中线基本对称,无面神经损伤症状。术后10个月,患者双侧后牙接触,前牙轻接触,张口度约3横指。CBCT图像显示:与术前相比,双侧髁突复回入关节窝,关节间隙仍增宽(图1d~1f)。预后良好。




图1d:术后张口度e和f:术前、术后下颌骨CBCT矢状位三维重建图
 
2.讨论
 
2.1颞下颌关节脱位的原因
 
发生颞下颌关节脱位的原因有很多,女性常常是因为打哈欠造成,而男性的原因是多样的。除创伤之外,还包括其他因素:在癫痫发作时用勺子或类似工具进食;服用安定类药物如酰胺咪嗪也会造成关节肌群的异常,并引起关节前脱位。
 
2.2颞下颌关节脱位的治疗方法
 
颞下颌关节脱位后应立即进行手法复位。如果复位延迟,咬肌和翼内肌的痉挛会导致复位更加困难。传统复位方法还包括上下颌牙弓夹板的弹性牵引,从前向后牵引可以帮助下颌骨/髁突向后退回关节窝内。对于习惯性颞下颌关节脱位患者,文献报道注射A型肉毒杆菌毒素至翼外肌有较好的效果。在传统方法无法成功复位的情况下,考虑进行外科手术治疗。手术原则是将髁突复位回关节窝,并进行下颌制动。其次是后退下颌骨,并进行咬合重建,最后采取适当的措施防止复发。
 
当关节区已经有纤维组织增生、骨性粘连,则提倡喙突切除甚至髁突切除术,有时切除半月板来改变关节盘的位置和形态防止再次脱位。当上述手术方式尝试失败时,则考虑关节置换术,尤其是针对具有关节退化性疾病的患者。
 
2.3本例CPMD的治疗方法
 
本例报告中,患者已有6个月的颞下颌关节脱位病史,且于外院多次手法复位无效。CT示关节区已形成纤维性增生。术前予以全麻复位失败,在符合手术适应证并考虑患者预后的条件下,给予外科手术复位。外科手术切除部分髁突并修整了髁突及关节结节,恢复咬合关系后复位关节,在术后行颌间弹性牵引4周。术后复查结果良好,髁突回复到关节窝内,且咬合逐渐恢复正常。本例报告中,患者的各个区各置2枚牵引钉,不但辅助术中的颌间结扎,术后以牵引钉为牵引装置行颌间牵引,简化操作步骤。
 
采用牵引钉有以下优点:①便于植入及取出;②由于植入在牙槽骨内,对牙体组织无影响;③对可活动的软组织无刺激;④对美观影响不大;⑤无牙患者,牵引钉可作为唯一的固定牵引装置。除此之外,还可以使用钛板、钛锚、假体、螺丝等植入防止关节再次脱位。
 
2.4颞下颌关节盘移位的治疗
 
一直以来,颞下颌关节盘移位的治疗均具有争议。有学者建议保守治疗,也有人主张手术复位。关节盘移位后相关结构可进行活跃的组织改建,如双板区可改建为类似关节盘替代其发挥作用,形成新的盘-髁复合体。不可复性关节盘移位的临床自然转归虽然趋向于好转,但影像学表示,随着时间推移,移位程度、关节盘变性以及髁突的骨质退行性变化会继续进展,关节盘移位超过3个月后保守治疗复位效果不佳,容易造成假性关节盘的形成。研究结果证明,经手术对移位关节盘进行复位固定后,患者张口度和疼痛指数均有明显改善。在发生了粘连、纤维化的关节盘长期移位病例中,可采用内窥镜分离粘连组织,药物灌洗,严重时进行关节附着松解术。
 
3.小结
 
颞下颌关节脱位容易复发,造成习惯性脱位,并引起生理及心理问题。目前,针对颞下颌关节脱位还没有统一的诊治指南。对于手法复位失败的病例外科手术治疗并结合术后颌间牵引疗效确切。颞下颌关节脱位的支持治疗起始于对患者的宣教,患者必须学会在日常生活中控制张口,在其口内采取一定的措施来限制下颌活动是必要的。Kai等报道了垫在辅助治疗颞下颌关节脱位的有效性,垫在关节病的治疗中有广泛应用,具体机制不明。可能与改变咬合的垂直距离,降低肌肉活力,改变颞下颌关节的位置和承载力有关。本例患者术后行颌间牵引4周,10个月后复查,咬合已基本正常。
 
原始出处:

余念,鲁勇.手术治疗陈旧性颞下颌关节脱位1例及文献复习[J].口腔疾病防治,2019,27(01):46-49.

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    2020-07-12 xlysu
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  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1699809, encodeId=c696169980920, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dd152024130' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#下颌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=20241, encryptionId=dd152024130, topicName=下颌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=1c4f29973299, createdName=xlysu, createdTime=Sun Jul 12 12:26:00 CST 2020, time=2020-07-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2003532, encodeId=6ec0200353252, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=95f53013946' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#关节脱位#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=30139, encryptionId=95f53013946, topicName=关节脱位)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4cce318, createdName=wleon8895, createdTime=Tue May 26 15:26:00 CST 2020, time=2020-05-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2037628, encodeId=71a4203e62889, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=75c1100e6852' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#颞下颌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=100768, encryptionId=75c1100e6852, topicName=颞下颌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b78f2500065, createdName=12498761m56暂无昵称, createdTime=Thu Mar 26 07:26:00 CST 2020, time=2020-03-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1633123, encodeId=53a2163312387, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c8a6100e6793' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#颞下#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=100767, encryptionId=c8a6100e6793, topicName=颞下)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=dbe822016862, createdName=fengyi819, createdTime=Sat Mar 07 22:26:00 CST 2020, time=2020-03-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1290731, encodeId=0f1c1290e31d7, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e86454454ea' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#手术治疗#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=54454, encryptionId=e86454454ea, topicName=手术治疗)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=920c231, createdName=lixiaol, createdTime=Wed Jan 22 00:26:00 CST 2020, time=2020-01-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1514774, encodeId=b8101514e7407, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f8b098061db' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#陈旧性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=98061, encryptionId=f8b098061db, topicName=陈旧性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a9a410680467, createdName=12498974m54暂无昵称, createdTime=Wed Jan 22 00:26:00 CST 2020, time=2020-01-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1542532, encodeId=9e301542532eb, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=120f85233cb' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#脱位#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=40, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=85233, encryptionId=120f85233cb, topicName=脱位)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ebbe13414128, createdName=ms1692212821629096, createdTime=Wed Jan 22 00:26:00 CST 2020, time=2020-01-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2020-03-07 fengyi819
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