AHA:Criculation:哈佛大学百万人研究,教你怎么吃蔬菜水果更健康

2021-03-04 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

水果和蔬菜的摄入量不足是导致疾病和过早死亡的主要饮食因素之一。

在世界范围内,水果和蔬菜的摄入量不足是导致疾病和过早死亡的主要饮食因素之一。尽管各国的饮食指南中都建议增加水果和蔬菜的摄入量,但就美国而言,成年人目前的平均摄入量(每天1份水果和1.5份蔬菜)仍不足。

近几十年来,对水果和蔬菜摄入量的建议一直在演变。20世纪90年代初,美国发起了每天5份水果和蔬菜的摄入量的运动。但到了2007年,美国又转而支持水果和蔬菜-越多越好的建议。《2015年至2020年美国人饮食指南》推荐,健康的美式饮食模式应包含每天2份蔬菜和2份水果。

实际上,推荐的水果和蔬菜摄入量在世界各地也有所不同。世界卫生组织、世界癌症研究基金与英格兰国家卫生服务局都都建议每天食用5份水果和蔬菜,而丹麦则建议每天食用6份,澳大利亚每天食用8.5份。这些建议主要基于水果和蔬菜摄入量与疾病风险之间剂量反应关系的研究。

然而,水果和蔬菜摄入量与死亡率之间剂量反应关系的证据十分有限且不一致的。同时,目前的饮食建议对所有类型的水果和蔬菜都一视同仁,尽管它们的营养特性各不相同。因此,调查水果和蔬菜的不同亚类对健康的潜在不同影响是很重要的。

为此,来自哈佛大学公共卫生学院和哈佛医学院布莱根妇女医院的研究人员,在两项正在进行的大规模前瞻性队列研究中检查了水果和蔬菜摄入量与总死亡率和特定原因死亡率之间的关系,旨在确定如何摄入蔬菜水果才能长期保持健康。结果发表在最新的AHA旗下期刊《循环》Circulation杂志上。

研究人员跟踪了来自护士健康研究(NHS 1984-2014年)的66719名女性和来自卫生专业人员随访研究(HPFS 1986-2014年)的42016名男性,共涉及108735名受试者。所有人员在基线时没有血管疾病、癌症和糖尿病

参与人员饮食在基线时使用有效的半定量食物频率问卷进行评估,每2至4年更新一次。随后进行了剂量反应荟萃分析,包括上述的2个队列和24个其他前瞻性队列研究的结果。

在随访期间,共记录了33898例死亡事件。在对混杂变量进行调整后,观察到水果和蔬菜摄入量与总死亡率和可归因于癌症、心血管疾病和呼吸系统疾病的特定原因死亡率之间的非线性反比关系。

总的来说,每天摄入约5份水果和蔬菜,或2份水果和3份蔬菜,与死亡率降低最为相关(每份为80g)。但是,摄入高于该水平与额外的风险降低无关。与参考水平(每天2份)相比,每天摄入5份水果和蔬菜与总死亡率降低13%,心血管疾病、癌症、呼吸相关疾病死亡率分别降低12%、10%、35%。

进一步的剂量反应荟萃分析包括1892885名参与者中累积的145015例死亡,也得出了类似的结果(5份/天的总死亡率降低13%)。除了淀粉类蔬菜如豌豆和玉米之外,大多数水果和蔬菜亚组的较高摄入量与较低的死亡率相关。但果汁和淀粉类蔬菜的摄入量与总死亡率和特定原因的死亡率降低无关。

综上,较高的水果和蔬菜摄入量与较低的死亡率相关。对于普通民众或从预防慢性疾病角度来看,每天约5份水果和蔬菜或许获益最大。但并非所有蔬菜和水果都能提供相同程度的益处,至少果汁并不能代替新鲜的蔬果。

 

参考文献:

Wang DD,et al. Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Mortality: Results From 2 Prospective Cohort Studies of US Men and Women and a Meta-Analysis of 26 Cohort Studies. Circulation. 2021 Mar 1. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.048996.

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    2021-03-06 zhaohui6731
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    2021-03-06 amyloid
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    2021-03-04 weigq

    现在的儿童多数不愿吃蔬莱是个麻烦的问题。

    0

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    2021-03-04 ms4000000938337315

    资料好

    0

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    2021-03-04 莉莉安 Lillian C.

    掰着手指,算着颜色吃~

    0

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    2021-03-04 jyzxjiangqin

    好文章!

    0

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    2021-03-04 MsYoung

    学习

    0