IEEE trans:脊髓损伤后经皮脊髓刺激恢复手和手臂功能

2021-04-26 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

脊髓损伤中断了大脑和身体之间的交流,导致不同程度的永久性瘫痪。目前,脊髓损伤(SCI)尚无治愈方法 。恢复对手和手臂运动的控制是瘫痪患者的最高治疗优先级,比恢复行走能力高6倍。通常需要通过植入硬膜外电

脊髓损伤中断了大脑和身体之间的交流,导致不同程度的永久性瘫痪。目前,脊髓损伤(SCI)尚无治愈方法 。恢复对手和手臂运动的控制是瘫痪患者的最高治疗优先级,比恢复行走能力高6倍。通常需要通过植入硬膜外电极对脊髓表面进行持续电刺激,以使瘫痪肢体能够运动。然而,康复的最终目标是促进功能恢复,从而不再需要刺激。强化运动训练试图促进这种适应性和神经可塑性。通过将治疗和刺激相结合,本文的目标是利用电刺激脊髓来实现运动,使瘫痪的个体能够参与强化训练计划,并实现功能的长期恢复。

在运动完全性和不完全性脊髓损伤患者中,使用电刺激进行康复治疗已经使腿部运动和步态得到了令人印象深刻的恢复。尽管脊髓损伤后非常重要,但只有少数研究集中于硬膜外脊髓刺激对恢复上肢功能的影响,没有一项研究结合强化康复训练促进活动依赖性可塑性。虽然植入硬膜外刺激电极的功能获得了显著的改善,但最近出现了一种新的无创脊髓刺激方法。通过采用10 kHz重叠频率。即使没有强化运动训练,无创性颈脊髓刺激也能适度改善四肢瘫痪患者的手功能。

本文进行了一项前瞻性、开放性、双臂交叉研究。 开始每周重复一次基线测量,持续四周,以评估每个参与者随时间变化的功能,并控制学习结果测量。干预开始于按照特定方案进行为期四周的强化功能任务训练。接下来,我们进行了为期四周的经皮颈脊髓电刺激,并进行了相同的训练。为每个参与者确定后续治疗的顺序。继续对两名运动完全性损伤(美国脊髓损伤损伤量表(AIS)B)和一名AIS D中央脊髓综合征患者进行刺激,并对另外三名不完全性损伤(AIS C-D)患者单独进行交叉训练。为剩下的受试者交错进行治疗,以明确测试刺激是否有助于进一步改善,而不是不管干预如何累积改善。此外,重复的双臂交叉设计使每个参与者都能作为自己的控制。

Fig. 1. - Study design and timetable. A prospective, open-label, cross-over study. Outcome measurements were repeated weekly during baseline, every 2 weeks throughout the treatment period, and once a month during follow-up. We delivered training alone during the first month of treatment, and stimulation paired with training during the second month for all participants. We continued delivering stimulation to two participants with motor complete injuries (AIS B) and one participant with AIS D central cord syndrome, and interleaved a second month of training alone for the other three participant with incomplete injuries (AIS C-D). Training: Intensive functional task practice; Stimulation (inset): 1 ms bursts of 10 kHz transcutaneous cervical spinal cord stimulation delivered at 30 Hz.

实验设计和时间表

这项研究的目的是在最后一次治疗后对参与者进行三个月的跟踪观察,以记录在没有进一步干预的情况下功能获得的持续性。所有受试者每月至少随访三个月,只有一个例外。参与者1在随访的第三个月内无法访问,而是在治疗6个月后返回进行最后一次访问。 6名慢性颈椎脊髓损伤志愿者参与了这项研究。参与者的平均年龄为42岁(SD)。上肢运动训练每周3次,每次2小时。利用NeuroRecovery Technologies公司开发的实验装置,对颈脊髓进行经皮电刺激。

经皮颈脊髓刺激配合强化运动训练,可恢复6例运动完全和不完全性颈脊髓损伤患者的上肢功能,恢复了上肢功能。直接比较了单独训练与训练配合刺激的改进情况,以及在刺激之外持续数月的长期效益。

Fig. 2. - Restored movement after complete paralysis. Transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation paired with intensive training enabled two paralyzed participants to regain digit movement and pinch force. Data points show the average of three maximal force measurements and the standard deviation bars per test session. A. Participant 1 (C5 AIS B) had no active movement distal to both wrists at baseline and throughout the first four weeks of training alone. Only with stimulation (stim) paired with training did this participant regain volitional movement of his fingers and thumbs that enabled him to produce measurable pinch force. Most notably, these gains in movement and pinch force were maintained for six months of follow-up without further treatment. B. Participant 2 (C5 AIS B) began the study with no function in either hand. Pinch force in both hands improved rapidly during stimulation paired with training, and was largely sustained for three months of follow-up without further treatment.

完全瘫痪后恢复运动

SCI导致完全瘫痪的人通常在受伤后第一年后没有恢复显著功能。第一个运动完全瘫痪的参与者在参加研究时,没有活动的手指或拇指移动。尽管经过四周的密集训练,他的手仍然瘫痪。直到随后的4周经皮刺激和同样的训练,他才开始移动手指和拇指,这是他受伤后的第一次。恢复的手移动使他能够在手指和拇指之间产生双手的捏力。另外四周的刺激加上训练,几乎使他双手所能产生的力量增加了一倍,而仅仅再训练4周就没有效果。最值得注意的是,他在行动和挤压力方面的进步至少维持了六个月的后续行动。第二名运动完全性损伤的参与者在开始研究时没有功能性手指和拇指运动的类似结果。他在双手握力方面的平行改进进一步证实了经皮刺激和训练的结合对运动性完全性颈椎病患者带来了持久的益处。

所有参与者身上观察到了力量和抓握能力提高的类似益处。与单独训练相比,在夹持力、手臂和手的力量以及灵巧度方面,刺激结束时的表现显著更高,与基线水平相比,在刺激和训练相结合的过程中,捏合力提高了2.4到4.8倍。刺激治疗改善了每一个受试者的功能,而单独的训练只能导致轻微的改善 。目前的研究结果提供了证据,经皮颈脊髓刺激促进了手功能的立即和长期改善,这比干预持续了好几个月。

F. Inanici, L. N. Brighton, S. Samejima, C. P. Hofstetter and C. T. Moritz, "Transcutaneous Spinal Cord Stimulation Restores Hand and Arm Function After Spinal Cord Injury," in IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, vol. 29, pp. 310-319, 2021, doi: 10.1109/TNSRE.2021.3049133.

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    2021-05-08 missye

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    2021-04-27 学医无涯

    促进更快康复

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    2021-04-26 wxl882001

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