肺部小结节如何处理,须解开“三大纠结”

2017-04-24 项捷/上海瑞金医院胸外科 澎湃新闻

近年来,随着放射影像技术的升级和民众健康意识的提高,临床上遇到的肺部小结节病变越来越多。对于如何处理肺部小结节,许多指南和共识也给出了相应的处理原则。今天主要针对患者们最关心的几个问题,谈谈肺小结节处理的“三大纠结”。手术要 “切多少”?对于需要外科干预的小结节,患者术前最关心的就是“切多少”的问题了,手术方式大致分为三类:肺叶切除、肺段切除和楔形切除。(见示意图)肺小结节临床上定义为直径<3厘米

近年来,随着放射影像技术的升级和民众健康意识的提高,临床上遇到的肺部小结节病变越来越多。对于如何处理肺部小结节,许多指南和共识也给出了相应的处理原则。今天主要针对患者们最关心的几个问题,谈谈肺小结节处理的“三大纠结”。

手术要 “切多少”?

对于需要外科干预的小结节,患者术前最关心的就是“切多少”的问题了,手术方式大致分为三类:肺叶切除、肺段切除和楔形切除。

肺小结节临床上定义为直径<3厘米的软组织影,目前临床上遇到的小结节大都是<2厘米的结节。

肺叶切除术固然是肺癌外科治疗的金标准,但这个金标准是由20多年前的研究所指定的。如今,随着低剂量螺旋CT的普及,早期肺癌诊断率大大提高,我们可以发现,在小于2厘米的肿瘤中,肺段切除的疗效并不亚于肺叶切除。

当然解剖性肺段切除术对于外科医生的技术水平要求更高,特别是小结节长在一些非优势肺段和联合亚段之间。

目前,国内外相继启动多项针对肺段切除和肺叶切除疗效的前瞻性多中心随机对照研究。相信不久的未来,解剖性肺段切除术必然会在临床上占有主导地位。

PET-CT那么贵要做吗?

小于8mm的纯磨玻璃影(GGO)在PET上常常没有糖代谢增高,且很少发生淋巴结转移。Kim等对89名患者的134个GGO进行PET-CT检查,发现最大标准摄取值(SUVmax)与结节大小和C/T值正相关,79%的多发性GGO糖代谢没有增高,且淋巴结转移和远处转移的真阳性率为0,因此作者认为PET-CT对于GGO的术前诊断价值较低。据此,Fleischner学会认为对于纯GGO,PET-CT的诊断价值有限。

而对于部分实性GGO,PET-CT有一定价值。Higashi等发现在3cm以下的肺腺癌中,CT上可见实性成分和PET糖代谢增高是不良预后因素。Pastorino等也发现肺部结节PET-CT的糖代谢与患者预后密切相关,PET-CT能减少对于惰性肿瘤不必要的治疗。

Fleischner学会建议对于多发GGO,如果有突出病灶是8-10mm的部分实性GGO,则进行PET-CT进一步检查,有利于更准确的评估预后及优化术前分期。所以PET-CT并非对于所有的肺部小结节都有诊断价值,是否需要做PET-CT检查还是需要根据医生的建议。

随访期间要吃点消炎药吗?

Fleischner指南认为对于GGO没有应用抗生素的指征。Khokhar回顾293例小结节,按随访期是否使用抗生素分为两组,结果发现小结节患者使用或不使用抗生素,结节缓解率为33%和27%,无明显差别。在有肺部症状或CT有感染征象的亚组中,使用或不使用抗生素的缓解率同样无明显差别。

总之,肺部小结节的评估绝不能忽视病史的采集,同时既往CT图像的对比也相当重要。对于小于等于8mm的肺部小结节或GGO不能急于手术,应给予一定时间的随访,并与患者进行良好的沟通。亚肺叶切除目前尚无前瞻性临床试验支持,故应严格按指证选择病例。

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    2022-06-03 12192b1am98暂无昵称

    谢谢分享

    0

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    2017-04-27 gjsgj
  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1224189, encodeId=1f671224189ae, content=谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=1a272265480, createdName=12192b1am98暂无昵称, createdTime=Fri Jun 03 01:56:16 CST 2022, time=2022-06-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1994351, encodeId=f5f51994351df, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=359a4e09482' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#小结节#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=47094, encryptionId=359a4e09482, topicName=小结节)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=734374, createdName=gjsgj, createdTime=Thu Apr 27 11:20:00 CST 2017, time=2017-04-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=201178, encodeId=6cfb2011e827, content=不错!受益匪浅!今后应用临床中, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/11/18/11084326017c92749e11fafe7cafb4fe.jpg, createdBy=aa662063559, createdName=1341ee7725m, createdTime=Mon May 22 10:13:17 CST 2017, time=2017-05-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=193638, encodeId=262519363806, content=不错,最好指导国内医生工作,教授患者家属接受, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/Q3auHgzwzM6lQViaiaazgKwu3ASkx2y57ib6ISo2VFcU2BYlssBOpcOQcjB5rSVpl36mTeQD5lzAvY9wwxyOuebVA/0, createdBy=57c11919303, createdName=wl1122050, createdTime=Thu May 04 09:40:37 CST 2017, time=2017-05-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=191570, encodeId=b83c1915e0cc, content=学习了,谢谢分享。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/DYAIOgq83eotHc7cjrVcIHD9L2n3LzcQo1WSYledtExBOM76QRXV0FrtWOsoLNA9xaJmBjsBFwPvC7fNarGfAg/132, createdBy=531e1939570, createdName=一个尘埃, createdTime=Fri Apr 28 21:12:39 CST 2017, time=2017-04-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=190423, encodeId=88ff190423ea, content=肺部结节处理策略, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NdicLmdJEK9VoiaDianY6fzHNN9iaGv80m39pMHU3eSnNN0kn1o0rdQ7Bz2f03Qibcf1ia7rKvxIt4UVlErF2d4gCmDC5/0, createdBy=98e31740255, createdName=cqykthl, createdTime=Tue Apr 25 09:41:25 CST 2017, time=2017-04-25, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-05-22 1341ee7725m

    不错!受益匪浅!今后应用临床中

    0

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    2017-05-04 wl1122050

    不错,最好指导国内医生工作,教授患者家属接受

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1224189, encodeId=1f671224189ae, content=谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=1a272265480, createdName=12192b1am98暂无昵称, createdTime=Fri Jun 03 01:56:16 CST 2022, time=2022-06-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1994351, encodeId=f5f51994351df, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=359a4e09482' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#小结节#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=47094, encryptionId=359a4e09482, topicName=小结节)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=734374, createdName=gjsgj, createdTime=Thu Apr 27 11:20:00 CST 2017, time=2017-04-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=201178, encodeId=6cfb2011e827, content=不错!受益匪浅!今后应用临床中, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/11/18/11084326017c92749e11fafe7cafb4fe.jpg, createdBy=aa662063559, createdName=1341ee7725m, createdTime=Mon May 22 10:13:17 CST 2017, time=2017-05-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=193638, encodeId=262519363806, content=不错,最好指导国内医生工作,教授患者家属接受, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/Q3auHgzwzM6lQViaiaazgKwu3ASkx2y57ib6ISo2VFcU2BYlssBOpcOQcjB5rSVpl36mTeQD5lzAvY9wwxyOuebVA/0, createdBy=57c11919303, createdName=wl1122050, createdTime=Thu May 04 09:40:37 CST 2017, time=2017-05-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=191570, encodeId=b83c1915e0cc, content=学习了,谢谢分享。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/DYAIOgq83eotHc7cjrVcIHD9L2n3LzcQo1WSYledtExBOM76QRXV0FrtWOsoLNA9xaJmBjsBFwPvC7fNarGfAg/132, createdBy=531e1939570, createdName=一个尘埃, createdTime=Fri Apr 28 21:12:39 CST 2017, time=2017-04-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=190423, encodeId=88ff190423ea, content=肺部结节处理策略, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NdicLmdJEK9VoiaDianY6fzHNN9iaGv80m39pMHU3eSnNN0kn1o0rdQ7Bz2f03Qibcf1ia7rKvxIt4UVlErF2d4gCmDC5/0, createdBy=98e31740255, createdName=cqykthl, createdTime=Tue Apr 25 09:41:25 CST 2017, time=2017-04-25, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-04-28 一个尘埃

    学习了,谢谢分享。

    0

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    2017-04-25 cqykthl

    肺部结节处理策略

    0