从奥希替尼联合抗血管生成看EGFR-TKI耐药问题的解决

2019-06-11 佚名 肿瘤资讯

EGFR-TKI 在EGFR突变阳性晚期非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)的治疗上取得了突出成就,但是无论是第一代、第二代还是第三代EGFR-TKI,最终都不可避免地出现耐药。既往研究证实第一代EGFR-TKI联合抗血管生成药物可以延缓耐药的发生,第三代EGFR-TKI奥希替尼联合贝伐珠单抗的研究结果也在本次大会上公布。随着对第三代EGFR-TKI耐药机制认识的逐渐加深,更多克服耐药的方案进入研究者视野。

2019年美国临床肿瘤学会(ASCO)年会在芝加哥盛大召开,今年会议的主题为“Caring for Every Patient, Learning from Every Patient”。作为世界上规模最大、学术水平最高、最具权威的临床肿瘤学会议,众多最新研究进展将在本次会议上公布。

EGFR-TKI 在EGFR突变阳性晚期非小细胞肺癌NSCLC)的治疗上取得了突出成就,但是无论是第一代、第二代还是第三代EGFR-TKI,最终都不可避免地出现耐药。既往研究证实第一代EGFR-TKI联合抗血管生成药物可以延缓耐药的发生,第三代EGFR-TKI奥希替尼联合贝伐珠单抗的研究结果也在本次大会上公布。随着对第三代EGFR-TKI耐药机制认识的逐渐加深,更多克服耐药的方案进入研究者视野。介绍EGFR-TKI的耐药机制、现有应对策略和未来探索方向。

吴一龙教授、博士生导师,IASLC杰出科学奖获得者,广东省人民医院(GGH)终身主任,广东省肺癌研究所(GLCI)名誉所长,广东省肺癌转化医学重点实验室主任,吴阶平基金会肿瘤医学部会长,中国临床肿瘤学会(CSCO)前任理事长,中国医师协会精准医学专委会副主任委员,广东省临床试验协会(GACT)会长,中国胸部肿瘤协作组(CTONG)主席,国际肺癌研究会(IASLC)理事会(BOD)核心成员,欧洲肿瘤学会(ESMO)中国区总代表

明确耐药机制是探寻耐药应对策略的基础

要克服第三代EGFR-TKI奥希替尼的耐药问题,首先需明确其耐药机制。当前研究发现其耐药主要有以下五种常见类型:第一种是EGFR下游信号通路上发生基因突变,例如C797S突变,该突变比例约为20%;第二种是EGFR扩增,当前临床上发现的比例有升高趋势;第三种是二线使用奥希替尼治疗后患者的T790M突变消失,约占40%左右;第四种是出现旁路激活,如c-Met扩增等;第五种是组织学类型的改变,例如向小细胞肺癌转化,这种病例相对较少。

EGFR-TKI联合抗血管生成治疗可延缓耐药,但是需仔细考量联合治疗的安全性和耐受性

既往第一代EGFR-TKI开展了很多联合抗血管生成药物贝伐珠单抗一线治疗EGFR突变阳性晚期NSCLC的研究,我们称之为A+T方案,其疗效已经被日本的两个临床试验(JO25567研究和NEJ026研究)证实,即将公布的中国A+T研究结果也是如此。此外,本届ASCO发布的一项在西方国家中开展的EGFR-TKI联合新的抗血管生成药物雷莫芦单抗的研究也证明了该治疗模式的可行性。

第三代EGFR-TKI的单药治疗已经取得了非常大的成功,但是,无论是第一代、第二代还是第三代EGFR-TKI,都会在治疗一定时间后出现耐药。第一代EGFR-TKI药物平均出现耐药的时间在10个月左右,第三代EGFR-TKI奥希替尼平均出现耐药的时间则为18个月左右。现在我们研究第三代EGFR-TKI联合抗血管生成治疗,是为进一步寻求无进展生存(PFS)的延长、延缓耐药的发生。既往第一代EGFR-TKI的研究经验,让我们有理由认为第三代EGFR-TKI联合抗血管生成治疗可以在单药基础上进一步提高疗效,本届ASCO发布的奥希替尼联合贝伐珠单抗治疗的研究也的确证实了这样的结果。

然而,我们应当关注在使用联合治疗方案中患者生存获益的增加和所承受毒性之间的平衡。随着患者接受治疗时间的延长,他们对于生活质量和药物安全性的要求就会更高,这完全不同于患者在接受短期冲击治疗时能够集中接受较大毒副作用的情况。因此,对于一个单药治疗就能够达到非常理想PFS的药物(如奥希替尼),在进行任何与其它药物的联合治疗时,均应将患者长期接受治疗期间的生活质量和对毒副作用的耐受性放到更高的位置来考量。总而言之,在考虑应用联合治疗时,我们应当注重平衡PFS的延长和患者生活质量、耐受性之间的关系。

未来研究方向:双特异性抗体为广泛克服EGFR-TKI耐药带来新希望

当前关于克服EGFR-TKI耐药问题有两个主要的研究方向。一是根据耐药模型研发第四代EGFR-TKI,例如研发专门针对C797S突变的TKI药物。C797S突变在西方国家占比约为20%,在我们东方国家发生比例相对较低。沿着这种仅针对某种突变的思路开展新药研发,会使道路越来越窄,我认为能够广泛覆盖T790M、C797S和其他少见靶点耐药的药物才能真正称为第四代EGFR-TKI药物。然而,这对于小分子药物而言是非常难以实现的。另外一个研究方向是双特异性抗体的开发。双特异性抗体能够广泛覆盖多种机制产生的耐药,如c-MET扩增、20外显子插入突变等。相信抗体领域的新药研发,可以使得未来找到更好的克服EGFR-TKI耐药的方法。

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    2019-06-12 lsj628
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