病例:低龄高血压更要引起重视,也许会相当危急!

2018-05-14 熊春莲,张煜 MedSci原创

中国高血压患者多为55岁以上,但是现在越来越年轻化了,有很多三四十岁的患者比例逐年上升,今天讲的是一例26岁血压就高达200/120 mmHg的案例,但是他和其他患者又有着本质不不同,到底是什么情况呢?



中国高血压患者多为55岁以上,但是现在越来越年轻化了,有很多三四十岁的患者比例逐年上升,今天讲的是一例26岁血压就高达200/120 mmHg的案例,但是他和其他患者又有着本质不不同,到底是什么情况呢?

患者为一26岁年轻男性,从事媒体相关工作,平日里喜欢健身,今年1月因头晕至当地医院就诊,常规测血压,血压高达200/120 mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)。结果让接诊医生吓了一跳,虽说现在高血压病越来越年轻化了,但是这个年龄血压就这么高的确实还是很少见的。更何况患者体型匀称,也不像是那种过度肥胖的情况。

接诊医生也没想太多,便予以拜新同与倍他乐克联合治疗,尝试性降压,用药后嘱住院观察,监测血压变化。半天时间里,血压虽有波动但是下降不明显。于是患者主治医生改用倍博特治疗,血压控制在180/100 mmHg左右。

一天后,患者血压依然居高不下,感觉不对劲的主治医院建议患者转我院治疗。为明确病因,患者转来我院心血管内科。询问病史,既往否认高血压家族史,否认感染史。

查体:一般状态良好,神清语明;左上肢179/106 mmHg、右上肢176/99 mmHg、左下肢218/117 mmHg、右下肢218/112 mmHg;双侧颈动脉未闻及血管性杂音;双肺呼吸音清;心界不大,节律规整,各瓣膜区未闻及杂音;双肾区无叩痛,腹部未闻及血管性杂音;四肢动脉搏动正常。

根据患者的病史及症状,初步考虑排除原发型高血压的可能性,应该是继发型高血压。根据常见的继发性高血压原因,我们给患者进行了相应的检查。

结果显示:肾功能、血钾正常;肾上腺彩超正常;但是肾动脉彩超显示右肾动脉起始处管腔内径4.7 mm,包络线不光滑,右肾动脉近肾门处未见明显管腔结构,可见蜂窝状花彩血流。

我们高度怀疑肾动脉狭窄,因此进一步行肾动脉CT 血管造影(CTA)检查,结果显示:右肾动脉距起始处1.9 cm 管腔局限性狭窄,最窄处宽约0.2 cm,右肾体积略减小。


肾动脉CTA 成像显示,右肾动脉距起始处1.9 cm 管腔局限性狭窄,最窄处宽约0.2 cm,右肾体积略减小(A,多平面成像;B,容积重建。)

临床诊断明确,右肾动脉狭窄,继发性高血压3 级(极高危险组)。于今年3 月行经皮腔内肾血管成形术治疗后血压降至正常。

讨论

肾动脉狭窄是继发性高血压的常见原因之一,约占全部高血压患者的2%。引起RAS 的原因主要有三种情况:动脉粥样硬化、纤维肌性发育异常和多发性大动脉炎。动脉粥样硬化大多数为50 岁以上男性;纤维肌性发育异常好发于儿童和青年;多发性大动脉炎多见于青年女性。上述原因引起的肾动脉狭窄可使肾供血不足,刺激球旁复合体,促进了肾素的合成和释放,通过肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统的活动导致血压增高。对降压药治疗效果不理想的年轻高血压患者,需要仔细查找继发性高血压的原因。

肾动脉CTA及肾动脉造影是诊断肾动脉狭窄的金标准,能准确诊断肾动脉狭窄的部位、病变的范围以及狭窄程度。彩色多普勒超声因为其无创、方便、廉价无电磁辐射、无造影剂肾毒性损害等优点成为RAS首选影像筛查工具,但易受检测人员技术水平、患者肠腔气体、肥胖等因素干扰而影响结果,敏感性和特异性不如肾动脉CTA和肾动脉造影。因此,对于疑似患者,最好是行肾动脉CTA检查,以明确诊断并及时得到治疗,从而尽早解除病痛,避免高血压并发症的发生,导致致残或死亡。

对于RAS所致高血压,经皮腔内肾血管成形术介入治疗是一种有效的治疗方法。本案例已行经皮肾动脉球囊扩张术治疗,效果很好,血压恢复,我们将继续随访患者的血压变化。

【本期话题】关于该病例您有什么看法或遇到类似的问题吗??评论符合要求且点赞最多的用户可获得由梅斯医学准备的精美礼品一份。

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    2018-05-16 大爰

    学习了谢谢分享学习!

    0

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    2018-05-15 wxl882001

    了解一下

    0

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    2018-05-15 虈亣靌

    学习一下很不错

    0

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    2018-05-15 zwjnj2

    好好好好学习学习学习

    0

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    2018-05-15 张新亮1853311252142e2fm

    好文献学习了

    0

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    2018-05-14 131****1460

    学习了受益匪浅

    0

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