Cell:零糖也不健康?人工甜味剂使肠道菌群紊乱血糖上涨!

2022-08-30 转化医学网 转化医学网

在我个人看来,只喝水似乎是最好的解决方案。

导读:非营养性甜味剂(NNS),也就是人工合成的代糖,其特点是既可以享受美食又能“甜得很健康”。然而,用人工甜味剂代替糖真的健康吗?2014年,魏茨曼科学研究所Eran Elinav团队发现非营养性甜味剂会影响小鼠的微生物组,从而影响它们的血糖反应。最近,该研究团队继续验证了非营养性甜味剂在人类身上的影响。

过去的40年中,全球超重,肥胖和高血糖的患病率在儿童和成人中显著增加。这些疾病也增加了患2型糖尿病和心血管疾病的风险。先前已有足够的科学证据表明,减少含糖饮料的消费将降低肥胖和肥胖相关疾病的患病率。

为了减少糖的摄入,最常见的策略是使用非营养甜味剂(NNS)代替膳食糖,例如糖精,三氯蔗糖,阿斯巴甜,乙酰磺胺酸钾和甜叶菊。这些甜味剂不含卡路里,因此一般认为它是惰性的,不会引起餐后血糖反应。

然而,用人工甜味剂代替糖是否真的能有效对抗肥胖、降低血糖水平吗?

2014年,魏茨曼科学研究所Eran Elinav团队发现,非营养性甜味剂会影响小鼠的微生物组,从而影响它们的血糖反应。该团队继续验证非营养性甜味剂在人类身上的影响。研究结果于8月19日发表在Cell上。

https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(22)00919-9

团队筛选了1,375个严格避免使用非营养性甜味剂的人,并选择了120名受试者参与后续实验。这些受试者代谢健康良好,具有正常的体重指数,腰臀比,血红蛋白,总和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇,血压和心率等。

实验分成六组进行:两组对照组和四组实验组。四组实验组分别摄入糖精、三氯蔗糖、甜菊糖苷和阿斯巴甜(摄入量低于FDA允许的每日摄入量标准)。两组对照组分别摄入等量葡萄糖或不额外摄入。

为了确定甜味剂对血糖的影响,参与者在整个试验的29天内佩戴连续血糖监测仪(CGM),并在预定的几天进行葡萄糖耐量试验。试验中还对参与者进行了人体测量和血液检查,以及固定的时间点收集来自粪便和口腔的微生物组样品。

研究人员发现,一些志愿者粪便样本中提取的微生物组成开始发生了改变,其中影响最显著的样本来自摄入糖精和三氯蔗糖的志愿者,而其他两种代糖也会带来一定的影响。对照组的微生物组成则前后几乎没有改变。

除了微生物组成的变化,分泌到外周血循环中的分子也会产生了显著的改变。这些直接影响了个体对葡萄糖的耐受。摄入甜味剂的参与者血糖反应会显著升高,并且这种异常会持续大约2周,在试验结束后才恢复了正常水平。

非营养性甜味剂影响人类微生物组,并改变血糖反应

为了确立因果关系,研究人员将研究对象的微生物样本转移到无菌小鼠身上。这些小鼠是在完全无菌的条件下饲养的,并且没有自己的微生物组。

研究人员发现,所有食用人工甜味剂的参与者的肠道微生物组移植给无菌小鼠后,小鼠表现出与之非常相似的血糖变化。而移植对照组参与者的肠道微生物组后,未观察到什么变化。这些结果表明,人类食用非营养性甜味剂的微生物组变化有时可能会以高度个性化的方式诱导血糖变化。

Elinav说:“甜味剂的效果会因人而异,因为我们的微生物组具有独特性。我们需要提高人们的认识,非营养性甜味剂并不像我们最初认为的那样对人体具有惰性。尽管如此,它们可能引发的人类变化的临床健康影响仍然是未知的,需要未来的长期研究。”

“与此同时,糖对代谢健康的害处迫使我们继续寻找替代的方案,”Elinav说,“在我个人看来,只喝水似乎是最好的解决方案。”

参考资料:

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/961582?

https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(22)00919-9

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