Neuron : 陈晓科/朱英杰团队发现阿片类药物成瘾相关记忆的丘脑环路机制

2020-07-28 BioArt

阿片类物质包括鸦片、海洛因等毒品以及吗啡、芬太尼等临床强效镇痛药物,是目前常见的成瘾性物质。反复使用毒品会对大脑造成结构性改变,并在脑内形成顽固、持久的关联性记忆。

阿片类物质包括鸦片、海洛因等毒品以及吗啡、芬太尼等临床强效镇痛药物,是目前常见的成瘾性物质。反复使用毒品会对大脑造成结构性改变,并在脑内形成顽固、持久的关联性记忆。相比较于其他记忆类型,使用毒品后产生的欣快感与吸毒的环境之间产生的关联性记忆更强,更持久。现实社会中人们常常看到,即使经过强制戒毒,瘾君子一旦回到过往的环境或者接触毒友都极易唤起吸毒时的关联性记忆,从而触发对毒品的渴望,造成复吸。因此,长期以来吸毒就是“一旦染毒,终身难戒”,由此对家人和社会造成了巨大的危害。毒品相关的记忆存储于大脑的神经网络中,那么通过干预相关大脑环路来消除毒品记忆,就有极其重要的科学研究价值和社会意义

美国斯坦福大学陈晓科团队和中国科学院深圳先进技术研究院朱英杰团队联合在Neuron杂志上在线发表题为“Orchestrating Opiate-Associated Memories in Thalamic Circuits ”的最新研究成果。陈晓科和朱英杰是论文共同通讯作者。这是该团队继2016年在Nature杂志和2018年在Science(详见BioArt报道:Science背靠背丨朱英杰/陈晓科、胡志安等发现评估信息重要性的神经机制,改变了对丘脑功能的认识)杂志之后关于丘脑室旁核PVT功能的又一重要发现。

研究人员结合吗啡条件位置偏爱(CPP)行为学训练和神经通路特异性调控,发现丘脑室旁核(PVT)通过投射到中央杏仁核(CeA)和伏隔核(NAc)的两条通路分别控制了吗啡相关记忆的形成和维持。PVT→CeA通路将吗啡对身体产生的作用与吗啡使用的环境相关联。然而,抑制PVT→NAc通路的活动可以消除吗啡相关记忆,从而长期抑制复吸行为。此外,运用全脑c-Fos图谱技术,该研究首次揭示了包括外侧下丘脑(LH)在内的存储吗啡相关记忆的全脑神经网络。进一步研究发现,长期使用吗啡导致PVT对NAc→LH通路的调节作用由兴奋性转变为抑制性,而通过光遗传方法激活NAc→LH通路也可以阻断吗啡记忆提取和防止复吸。这些研究结果表明, PVT通过调节CeA和NAc这两条输出通路来协同控制与阿片类药物成瘾相关的记忆形成和维持,同时确认了PVT→NAc→LH通路可做为治疗阿片类药物成瘾的新靶点。

研究人员使用了吗啡条件位置偏爱(CPP)的小鼠模型来评估小鼠对吗啡的成瘾情况。为了检测PVT输出通路活动,作者先用腺相关病毒(AAV)感染PVT神经元,使其表达钙离子指示剂(AAV-GCaMP6m),然后将光纤植入CeA和NAc的轴突末梢区。利用光纤记录了小鼠吗啡CPP的形成 (acquisition)和记忆提取(retrieval)期间来自PVT→CeA和PVT→NAc通路的神经元钙信号变化。实验结果表明这两条PVT输出通路在CPP训练和提取过程中都被激活。作者接下来利用化学遗传学和光遗传学通路抑制的方法研究这两条不同的PVT输出通路究竟在吗啡相关记忆形成和维持中起到怎样的作用。他们发现如果在CPP形成阶段抑制PVT→CeA通路可显着降低CPP,而在记忆的提取阶段抑制该通路则没有影响。因此PVT→CeA通路的活动只参与吗啡CPP的形成。

使用类似方法,课题组接着研究了PVT→NAc通路在吗啡相关记忆的形成和维持中的作用。与PVT→CeA通路不一样,在CPP形成阶段抑制PVT→NAc通路活动并不影响CPP的形成。然而,在记忆的提取阶段抑制该通路导致小鼠不能表现出已经学会的吗啡CPP,这表明抑制PVT→NAc通路干扰了吗啡CPP记忆的提取。更重要的是,对PVT→NAc通路的短暂干预既可以导致小鼠CPP记忆的永久性缺失:对于正常小鼠,如果经过消退训练或长时间遗忘训练也可以减弱吗啡CPP,然而如果给这些小鼠低剂量的吗啡,就足以激活这些小鼠的CPP记忆从而造成复吸;与之相反,如果对成瘾小鼠的PVT→NAc通路进行短暂干预,给予同样剂量的吗啡刺激则不能激活它们对CPP记忆,进而起到永久性戒断毒瘾的效果。综上所述,这些结果揭示了PVT→NAc通路的活动对于吗啡相关记忆的提取和维持是必需的,抑制PVT→NAc通路可以完全阻断吗啡相关记忆的提取,从而戒断毒瘾。

为了进一步研究PVT→NAc通路对吗啡相关记忆的提取和维持是通过与哪些脑区相互作用而实现的,研究人员使用了透明脑iDISCO技术并结合神经元电活动标记c-Fos免疫染色,在全脑范围内寻找与复吸相关的脑区。通过对复吸和不复吸两组小鼠的大脑进行三维光片成像,研究者发现了23个散布于全脑的参与复吸的脑区。这其中除了包括杏仁核、海马等多个已知的与阿片类药物成瘾相关的脑区,并且还发现了一些全新的与复吸相关的脑区,其中包括外侧下丘脑(LH)。

外侧下丘脑LH是NAc的直接下游通路之一,为此这条通路受到了研究者们的进一步关注。通过在投射到LH的NAc神经元上的电生理记录,研究者发现在吗啡处理组小鼠中,由光激活PVT所诱发的突触后抑制性电流/兴奋性电流的比值(IPSC/EPSC)显着增加。这说明吗啡成瘾的小鼠中PVT对 NAc→LH通路的调节行作用由兴奋性转变为抑制性。在吗啡成瘾的小鼠中抑制PVT→NAc通路,就相当于去除了PVT对 NAc→LH通路的抑制,进而会激活NAc→LH通路。由此研究者推测,是否抑制PVT→NAc通路达到的消除吗啡相关记忆和防止复吸的效果也可以通过直接激活NAc→LH通路来实现?果然,直接激活NAc-LH通路也可以达到了作者所预期的效果。这些结果揭示了PVT→NAc→LH这条多突触通路在吗啡相关记忆维持中的重要作用,也为这条通路成为预防复吸的高效靶点提供了直接的证据。

综上,这项研究揭示了大脑中存储阿片类物质相关记忆的网络,确认了PVT在该网络中的核心作用,为阿片类药物成瘾的治疗提供了新的靶点。

该项研究是陈晓科实验室围绕PVT发表的第三项工作。在2016年陈实验室首次报道了PVT→NAc通路介导了吗啡成瘾的戒断反应,抑制该通路可以消除由于鸦片戒断而产生的生理和心理上的负面作用 (Zhu et al., 2016 Nature)。长期以来,科学家对鸦片复吸到底是由于吸毒者为了逃避由鸦片戒断所产生的负面作用还是为了不断寻求鸦片所带来的欣快感存有争论。本项工作为吗啡戒断的负面作用在鸦片复吸中的关键性作用提供了强有力的证据。2018 年陈实验室还报道了PVT 在判断外界刺激的重要性以及控制学习记忆中的关键作用 (Zhu et al., 2018 Science),而本项工作进一步将PVT在学习记忆中作用拓展到了成瘾相关记忆领域,并且揭示了PVT→CeA通路在将重要刺激与外界环境相关联的过程中起重要作用。陈晓科实验室这一系列研究工作极大推动了学术界对于PVT的研究兴趣,使得对PVT的研究成为神经科学领域的新热点。

原始出处:

Piper C Keyes, Eliza L Adams, Zijun Chen,et al.Orchestrating Opiate-Associated Memories in Thalamic Circuits.Neuron. 2020 Jul 9;S0896-6273(20)30482-7. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.06.028.

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    2020-07-30 lhlxtx
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    2020-07-30 xlwang2696
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    2020-07-30 xlwang2696
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    2020-07-28 肿肿

    机制研究离临床仍然有距离,不过与临床结合思考,仍然有帮助的,不能仅仅是纯临床思维,转化思维同样重要

    0

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