急性缺血性脑卒中急性期并发症预防与处理,来看专家指导意见!

2021-10-23 医格心领域 医格心领域

脑卒中急性期的时间划分尚不统一,一般指发病后2周内(轻型1周内,重型1个月内)。

卒中急性期的时间划分尚不统一,一般指发病后2周内(轻型1周内,重型1个月内)。《中国急性缺血性脑卒中诊疗指导规范》主要介绍了脑卒中的急诊救治体系、院前处理、急性期诊断与治疗、急性期并发症及其他情况的预防与处理以及早期康复和二级预防的相关内容,关于急性缺血性脑卒中急性期并发症及其他情况的预防与处理,文章主要提出以下推荐意见。

1、脑水肿与颅内压增高 

①避免并处理引起颅内压增高的因素,如头颈部过度扭曲、激动、用力、发热、癫痫、呼吸道不通畅、咳嗽、便秘等。

②建议对颅内压增高、卧床的脑梗死患者采用抬高头位的方式,通常抬高床头>30°

③甘露醇和高张盐水可明显减轻脑水肿、降低颅内压、减少脑疝的发生风险,可根据患者的具体情况选择药物种类、治疗剂量及给药次数。必要时也可选用甘油果糖或呋塞米。

④对于发病48小时内、60岁以下的恶性大脑中动脉梗死伴严重颅内压增高的患者,经积极药物治疗病情仍加重、尤其是意识水平降低的患者,可请神经外科会诊考虑是否行减压术,手术治疗可降低死亡率,减少残疾率,提高生活自理率。60岁以上患者手术减压可降低死亡和严重残疾,但独立生活能力并未显著改善。因此应更加慎重,可根据患者年龄及患者/家属对这种可能结局的价值观来选择是否手术。

⑤对压迫脑干的大面积小脑梗死患者可请神经外科会诊协助处理。

⑥因为缺乏有效的证据且存在增加感染性并发症的潜在风险,不推荐使用糖皮质激素(常规或大剂量)治疗缺血性脑卒中引起的脑水肿和颅内压增高。

⑦不推荐在缺血性脑水肿发生时使用巴比妥类药物,应进一步研究低温治疗重度缺血性脑卒中的有效性和安全性。

2、脑梗死后出血性转化 

①症状性出血转化:停用抗栓(抗血小板、抗凝)治疗等致出血药物;

②可根据出血原因,选择逆转药物,但应权衡利弊,注意药物副作用;

③恢复抗凝和抗血小板治疗的时机:对需要抗栓治疗的患者,可于症状性出血转化病情稳定后10 天至数周后开始抗栓治疗,应权衡利弊;对于再发血栓风险相对较低或全身情况较差者,可用抗血小板药物代替抗凝药物。

3、癫痫 

①不推荐预防性应用抗癫痫药物;

②孤立发作1 次或急性期痫性发作控制后,不建议长期使用抗癫痫药物;

③脑卒中后23 个月再发的癫痫,建议按癫痫常规治疗进行长期药物治疗;

④脑卒中后癫痫持续状态,建议按癫痫持续状态治疗原则处理。

4、肺炎 

①早期评估和处理吞咽困难和误吸问题,对意识障碍患者应特别注意预防肺炎;

②疑有肺炎的发热患者应给予抗感染治疗,但不推荐预防性使用抗感染药物。

5、排尿障碍与尿路感染 

①有排尿障碍者,应早期评估和康复治疗;

②尿失禁者应尽量避免留置尿管,可定时使用便盆或便壶;

③尿潴留者应测定膀胱残余尿,可配合物理按摩、针灸等方法促进恢复排尿功能,必要时可间歇性导尿或留置导尿;

④有尿路感染者根据病情决定抗感染治疗,但不推荐预防性使用抗生素

6、深静脉血栓形成和肺栓塞 

①鼓励患者尽早活动、抬高下肢;尽量避免下肢(尤其是瘫痪侧)静脉输液。

②抗凝治疗未显著改善神经功能及降低死亡率,反而增加出血风险,不推荐在卧床患者中常规使用预防性抗凝治疗(皮下注射低分子肝素或普通肝素)。

③对于已发生DVT 及肺栓塞且无禁忌者,可给予低分子肝素或普通肝素,有抗凝禁忌者给予阿司匹林治疗。

④可联合加压治疗(交替式压迫装置)和药物(抗血小板药物及补液治疗)预防DVT,不推荐常规单独使用加压治疗;但对有抗栓禁忌的缺血性脑卒中患者,推荐单独应用加压治疗预防DVT 和肺栓塞。

⑤对于无抗凝和溶栓禁忌的DVT 或肺栓塞患者,首先建议肝素抗凝治疗,症状无缓解的近端DVT 或肺栓塞患者可给予溶栓治疗。

7、压疮 

①对有瘫痪者定期翻身,以防止皮肤受压;保持良好的皮肤卫生,保持营养充足。

②易出现压疮的患者建议使用特定的床垫、轮椅坐垫和座椅,直到恢复行动能力。

8、营养支持 

①患者开始进食前,采用饮水试验进行吞咽功能评估;

②发病后注意营养支持,急性期伴吞咽困难者,应在发病7 天内接受肠内营养支持;

③吞咽困难短期内不能恢复者可早期放置鼻胃管进食,吞咽困难长期不能恢复者可行胃造瘘进食。

9、脑卒中后情感障碍 

①应评估患者心理状态,注意脑卒中后焦虑与抑郁症状,必要时请心理专科医师协助诊治;

②对有脑卒中后焦虑、抑郁症状的患者应该行相应干预治疗。

10、脑卒中后认知障碍 

应重视评估患者脑卒中后认知功能,根据患者情况,选择适宜的评估工具及时间进行筛查评估,结合筛查评估结果进行综合干预。

以上内容摘自:医政医管局.中国脑卒中防治指导规范(2021年版)—11.中国急性缺血性脑卒中诊疗指导规范.2021-8-31.

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    2022-01-16 feifers
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    2022-10-07 丁鹏鹏
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    2021-10-24 查查佳佳

    临床和神经病理学研究表明,灰质萎缩

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