Nature:这种脑细胞与肠道微生物组合作,抵抗大脑炎症

2022-08-23 brainnew神内神外 网络

神经退行性疾病的前沿报道

导言:星形胶质细胞是中枢神经系统(CNS)中含量最丰富的细胞类型,但它们的特性仍然不为人们所熟知。近日,有研究发现,这种细胞在大脑的抗炎过程中起到关键作用。

长期以来,研究人员一直认为星形胶质细胞的主要功能是为大脑中的神经细胞提供营养和支持。然而,多年来,越来越多的证据表明,星形胶质细胞还会促进神经退行性变、炎症和神经系统疾病的进展。

近日,由布莱根妇女医院领导的一个研究小组表明,特定的星形胶质细胞亚群可以起到相反的作用:根据肠道微生物的调节信号在脑内发挥保护性抗炎功能。这种新发现的抗炎途径于近期发表在《自然》杂志。

该研究的通讯作者Francisco Quintana博士表示:“多年来,许多实验室已经确定了星形胶质细胞在促进神经系统疾病中的重要作用。但在这项研究中,我们首次证明这些细胞中至少一个亚群可以预防炎症。”

研究人员使用了基因和蛋白质分析工具来鉴定这种新发现的星形胶质细胞亚群。这种星形胶质细胞处在脑膜附近,并同时表达一种叫做LAMP1的蛋白质和一种叫做TRAIL的蛋白质,它们可以共同诱导其他细胞的死亡。以LAMP1 + TRAIL +星形胶质细胞的形式,通过诱导促炎的T细胞死亡,帮助抑制中枢神经系统炎症。

为了确定控制大脑中LAMP1 + TRAIL +星形胶质细胞的作用机制,研究人员使用了基因编辑工具CRISPR-Cas9进行了一系列检测。他们发现一种称为干扰素-γ的特定信号分子调节了TRAIL的表达。此外,他们发现肠道微生物组可在体内循环并最终到达脑膜的细胞中诱导干扰素-γ的表达,从而促进星形胶质细胞的抗炎活性。

 

LAMP1 + TRAIL + 星形胶质细胞中的IFN-γ信号传导

了解驱动LAMP1 + TRAIL +星形胶质细胞抗炎功能的机制,可以使研究人员开发出治疗神经系统疾病(如多发性硬化症)的治疗方法。例如,他们正在探索可用于调节星形胶质细胞抗炎活性的潜在益生菌。

此外,研究小组的最新数据还表明,某些脑肿瘤利用这种途径逃避了人体的免疫反应。因此,研究人员也正在开发相应的癌症免疫疗法,以对付肿瘤的攻击。

研究人员表示:“发现这种由肠道微生物控制的星形胶质细胞抗炎亚群,是我们了解中枢神经系统炎症及其调控的重要进展。这是肠道控制大脑炎症的一种非常新颖的机制。它为神经系统疾病提供了新的治疗思路,我们相信这种机制可能有助于解析脑肿瘤的发病机制。”

Quintana的实验室在2016年发现了唯一一个已知受肠道微生物群调控的星形胶质细胞亚群,但他们认为可能还有其他亚群。他说:“肠道菌群在许多疾病中起着重要作用,这一点越来越明显。我们很幸运,我们一直在领导鉴定星形胶质细胞的不同亚群及其调控机制。我们有一系列包含各种星形胶质细胞亚群的清单,而且我们也正在努力研究肠道菌群究竟是如何控制它们的。”

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星形胶质细胞是中枢神经系统中的丰富细胞,在神经元代谢相关的发育和体内稳态中具有调节神经活动、突触形成、限制胶质细胞维护血脑屏障等作用,这些稳态机制的失调是多种神经系统疾病的重要发病机制。