急性肾损伤?这个检验指标比肌酐、胱抑素C更重要!

2021-03-18 检验医学网 检验医学网

春季来临,天气多变。有些感冒的小高,服用某消炎药缓解了身体的不适,谁知两天后竟出现无尿、腰痛、全身浮肿、恶心等症状。到医院进行检查,提示血清肌酐257μmol/L,尿蛋白(++),医生最后诊断为急性肾

迪瑞医疗携生化、免疫、尿液高品质检验产品,为肾病患者健康保驾护航。

春季来临,天气多变。有些感冒的小高,服用某消炎药缓解了身体的不适,谁知两天后竟出现无尿、腰痛、全身浮肿、恶心等症状。到医院进行检查,提示血清肌酐257μmol/L,尿蛋白(++),医生最后诊断为急性肾损伤,需入院治疗。

什么是急性肾损伤?

急性肾损伤(acute kidney injury, AKI)是指各种病因引起的短时间内肾功能快速减退而导致的临床综合征。AKI是一种常见的急危重症,在普通住院患者中AKI的患病率为3%-5%,重症监护病房中更是高达30%-50%。虽然血液净化技术在不断改进,但AKI患者死亡率却未明显降低。

AKI病程早期具有可逆性,但治疗窗口期较窄。一旦进入损伤期(injury),终点事件(死亡或尿毒症发生)发生率超过30%。因此,早期明确诊断AKI,提高AKI的治疗效果,降低AKI病死率,具有重要的科学价值和临床意义。

为了明确患者病情的进展情况以及安排相应的治疗手段,急性透析质量指导组于2002年提出RIFLE分级诊断标准,随着医疗水平的不断进步,目前最被认可的是2012年发布的KDIGO分期标准(见表1)。

KDIGO分期标准是以血清肌酐和尿量来评估肾功能的。然而血清肌酐与尿量作为传统的急性肾损伤标志物,易受多种因素的影响,对早期AKI等肾脏损伤疾病的预测准确性较差,只能作为AKI诊断和预后的辅助检测指标。

由于传统的AKI生物标志物不能早期诊断损伤,因而,研究人员致力于寻找可靠、可早期预示AKI的生物标志物。

NGAL检测在急性肾损伤中的应用

中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白(NGAL)是近年来发现的早期诊断AKI的新型生物学标志物。NGAL是一种能与特异性中性粒细胞颗粒上的中性粒细胞明胶酶共价结合的蛋白质,在正常人肾脏中仅有远端小管和集合管上皮细胞表达NGAL,AKI患者近曲小管也表达NGAL。

不同于分级标准的诊断方式,NGAL是单个分子即可对AKI进行诊断。众多研究报道表明NGAL是AKI众多标志物中最有效的预测指标。

健康人群尿液中NGAL平均浓度为5.3 ng/mL (范围0.7-9.6 ng/mL)。

血浆中NGAL平均浓度63 ng/mL (范围3-106 ng/mL)。

肾损伤后(2h内)NGAL水平急剧上升。

任意选择的重症监护室患者尿液中NGAL浓度可达到110 ng/mL-40000 ng/mL,血浆中NGAL平均浓度25 ng/mL-3491ng/mL。

患者的尿NGAL水平高于350 ng/mL或血浆NGAL水平高于400 ng/mL,就可以确诊为急性肾功能衰竭。

Mishra等[6]对71例进行体外循环的儿童研究发现,体外循环后2h的血清和尿液NGAL是AKI的独立预测因子。

Pickering和Endre[7]研究发现血清NGAL诊断功能性AKI的AUC为0.74(95%CI:0.69-0.79)。诊断结构性AKI的AUC为0.79(0.74-0.83)(见表2)。

李萍珠和徐炜新[8]对脓毒血症并发AKI患者的研究发现当脓毒血症后2h尿NAGL的cut-off值为50μg/L时,其在AKI诊断中的敏感度、特异度及准确性分别为94.4%、87.5%和96.8%。

目前中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白(NGAL)、半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制蛋白c(CysC)和血清肌酐,均可作为AKI的早期测出肾损伤的生物标志物。但相对于NGAL来说,无论是Cys-C还是血清肌酐在肾损伤后的上升都十分缓慢(见图1)。NGAL凭借着在早期AKI检测中的灵敏度高、特异性强、准确度高的特点,在众多肾损伤的生物标志物中独占鳌头。

像许多其他内源性生物标志物分子一样,NGAL不是由一种细胞类型产生的,不同组织中的不同病理都会引起反应。应考虑将NGAL与Scr联合测定,来增加预测的准确性。

总结

近年来随着对NGAL研究的不断深入,从最开始的急慢性肾功能不全,到脓毒症、肿瘤、呼吸、循环系统等疾病,均已发现NGAL的身影。虽然NGAL在各疾病中的分子机制仍需进一步的研究,但相信不久的将来,NGAL会在临床工作中作为一个新型生物学标志物发挥作用。

迪瑞医疗NGAL测定试剂盒自上市以来,在近一年的临床应用中取得良好成果。临床性能评价显示:线性范围在50-5000ng/L。最低检出限在25ng/mL左右。与对照试剂一同检测临床标本,R值为0.9985。在同行业的产品中性能优异,极具优势。

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    2021-03-26 1201ef31m54暂无昵称

    需要更多数据来验证临床应用价值

    0

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    2021-03-20 俅侠
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    2021-03-18 jyzxjiangqin

    好文章!

    0

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