肺部小结节意外情况定位---上海市肺科医院经验

2017-11-27 佚名 肿瘤资讯

随着近年来影像检测技术的进步,特别是高分辨率CT的普及,肺部小结节的检出率逐年升高,但如何对于肺部小结节进行精准定位则是每个胸外科医生面临的挑战之一。

随着近年来影像检测技术的进步,特别是高分辨率CT的普及,肺部小结节的检出率逐年升高,但如何对于肺部小结节进行精准定位则是每个胸外科医生面临的挑战之一。

日本学者Suzuki发现直径小于1cm的肺部结节,当距离胸膜大于5mm时,术中不被发现的概率>50%,当距离大于1cm时,几乎无法在术中直接发现。因此,在术前进行结节定位显得尤为重要。

盲区结节定位法

目前已报道的术前定位方法繁多,其中应用最为广泛、成功率最高的是Hookwire定位法(图1),虽然具有操作简单、缩短手术时间、减小手术创伤的优点,但其存在一定的缺点,比如易移位甚至脱落、存在放置的盲区、移位后无法辨识切缘、容易误切病变或者切缘不足。



图1 Hookwire

上文涉及到了Hookwire定位盲区的概念。术前Hookwire定位之后,为了便于寻找结节,定位针将短时间存于胸腔内,但手术要求在体内没有器械残留,所以术中需要将全部针道及定位针完整切除,同时在肿瘤学保证切缘阴性的基础上应尽可能保留正常肺组织,因此,针道应为结节到脏胸膜的最短距离。但在一定的区域,比如1)距纵隔胸膜<3cm的区域(胸骨/肋软骨遮盖);2)距叶间裂<3cm的区域(需跨叶定位);3)被肩胛骨等骨性结构覆盖的区域(图2)。



图2 盲区示意图
A,纵隔胸膜附近区域;B,叶间裂附近区域;C,肩胛骨遮盖区域。

由于解剖结构的限制,针道可能较长,在切除时会造成不必要的大面积正常肺组织损失,从而对肺功能造成一定影响。面对这种情况,上海市肺科医院陈昶教授团队选择并改良了Microcoil定位法对于该类病灶进行定位。传统的Microcoil定位法需在结节附近及胸膜表面释放两次弹簧圈,中间以金属丝连接,以便寻找结节位置,但在手术中同样存在针道切除的要求,位于盲区的结节依旧不太适用。陈昶教授团队提出将金属丝一次全部释放于结节附近,形成一个较易识别的人工硬质结节,而术中术者只需要首先定位人工结节(弹簧圈),并于附近确认病灶位置,即可从任意方向进行楔形切除,不受到针道限制(图3)。



图3 盲区定位示意图

如下图所示,术前CT发现右上叶混合GGO,靠近叶间裂,同时有肩胛骨遮盖,影像提示早期肺癌,拟行手术切除。Hookwire或传统Microcoil定位由于解剖位置限制,会造成针道过长,导致不必要的正常肺组织损失。陈昶教授提出的改良方法选择外侧胸壁进针,于结节附近释放弹簧圈,就结节行小部分楔形切除,最终病理报告微浸润腺癌(图4)。此方法简单可行,推广价值高,相对于Hookwire或传统Microcoil定位而言可极大地保留盲区结节患者的肺组织,在术后恢复方面有着极为重要的意义。陈昶教授团队将此方法经验总结并发表于SCI期刊,获得国内外专家一致认可。



图4 盲区定位实例图
A,Hookwire或传统Microcol定位切除范围;B,改良法切除范围。
实线及虚线:金属针定位针道;三角形:弹簧圈;箭头:病灶;红曲线:切除范围。

补救定位措施

虽然术前定位方法繁多,但不论任何方法都可能失败,文献表示3%-8%的术前定位会出现移位甚至脱钩的现象,而需要进行术前定位的病灶往往无法在术中直接找到。那么当术中发现术前定位失败同时又难以术中直接定位结节时该如何应对呢?关胸再次定位?还是扩大切除范围,进行肺段切除甚至肺叶切除呢?以上两种选择对于患者及术者来说均是不尽如人意的:关胸再次定位在身体及心理上都难以接受,且在技术上难以立即实施;而扩大切除范围后是否能够于标本中找到病灶送检同样存疑,将肺组织切成“鱼香肉丝”都未确定病灶位置的情况也偶有发生。再者,一些地方基层医院可能不具备Hookwire定位针,Microcol弹簧圈等等设备,那么术前定位也难以实施。针对这种情况陈昶教授团队提供了两种简易补救/辅助措施,分别为“针头定位法”和“胸廓内标志定位法”。

当术前定位不可行或术中发现术前定位失败时,术者可于塌肺状态时,根据CT影像采用注射针头在结节的体表投影位置刺入胸腔0.2-0.5cm(腔镜观察下),膨肺后针尖则指向结节于脏层胸膜的投影点,此时电刀于脏层胸膜相应投影点形成标记,手指确定结节位置后进行楔形切除并将标本送检(图5)。陈昶团队王龙博士等利用此方法共对18名患者身上的18例术前定位失败结节进行补救,成功率高达94.4%。



图5 针头定位法示意图

但利用体表标志进行定位时常存在一定偏差,原因是皮肤具有滑动性,与胸腔内结构的相对位置并非固定,在体位变化时容易发生移位,特别在BMI较高的患者时并不太适用。此外,Hookwire或Microcol定位时常根据术前CT决定方案,但术前CT拍摄时患者肺脏处于完全膨胀状态,而进行定位时患者处于平静呼吸状态,因此往往难以精准定位。故陈昶团队毛锐博士等提出了“胸廓内标志定位法”。此方法的核心在于利用胸廓内标志确定肺部小结节在胸膜上的投影点,由于胸廓内标志位置固定且不会随着体位变化为移动,因此相对于体表标志而言更加准确。为了便于计算,该团队从胸廓内的视角重新规划了定位系统并与体表定位体系保持相对应性。右侧胸腔为例,该系统依靠肋骨或肋间隙确定纵向位置,以胸廓内7个固定标志确定横向坐标:a,后肺门; b,后胸膜返折点; c,肋骨小头; d,胸壁拐点; e,最高点(腋中线);f,前胸膜返折点;g,前肺门。并通过两两之间的等分点进一步定位结节(图6)。同时依靠其他解剖标志如肺裂、CT上可见的肿大淋巴结或其他良性病灶等辅助定位,这些标志在胸廓内均容易辨认。



图6 胸廓内标志图
a,后肺门; b,后胸膜返折点; c,肋骨小头; d,胸壁拐点; e,最高点(腋中线); f,前胸膜返折点; g,前肺门

术中操作与针头定位法相类似,依据上述定位系统确定结节在壁胸膜上的投影点,塌肺状态下以电刀标记,之后膨肺,在壁层胸膜投影点的对应位置上标记脏层胸膜,以手指定位结节并行楔形切除(图7)。此方法较之针头定位法更加简便,且极大地弥补了BMI较高患者依据体表标志定位不准的缺陷。陈昶团队使用本方法在两个肺癌诊治中心(上海市肺科医院,南通市第六人民医院)对29名患者肺部的34个小结节进行定位,结果全部成功,并将该经验总结并发表于国际外科杂志Journal of Surgical Oncology上。



图7胸廓内标志定位示意图

补救定位措施优势在于可避免关胸再次定位及扩大切除范围。同时具有非器械依赖性,而且操作简单易行,可适用于基层医院。也可最大程度避免由于呼吸活动导致的定位偏差。但仍存在一定缺点,首先无法完全替代术前Hookwire、Microcoil定位,仅能作为补救或辅助定位方法。其次,由于标记在脏胸膜表面,因此定位深部结节具有一定困难(距胸膜>2cm)。

总的来说,陈昶团队提出的盲区定位法可准确有效地定位特殊部位的小结节,并最大程度地保留患者肺功能。同时该团队设计的针头定位法和胸廓内标志定位法可为术前定位失败的案例提供高效的补救措施,并可作为简便的辅助定位方法以验证定位准确性。

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    2018-04-12 gjsgj
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    2017-11-29 儒医liu

    需要重视肺部小结节!

    0

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    2017-11-28 儒医liu

    肺部结节需重视.

    0

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    2017-11-28 飛歌

    学习了很有用

    0

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    2017-11-27 清风拂面

    谢谢分享.学习了

    0

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    2017-11-27 儒医liu

    受教!

    0

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