经典的胃肠道疾病影像学诊断经验

2019-09-08 不详 新乡医学影像

经典的胃肠道疾病影像学诊断经验

(一) 气肿性胆囊炎

病例资料:患者,61岁,男性,以右上腹疼痛和高烧表现就诊为急诊室。该患者未表现出恶心或者呕吐。值得注意的病史是糖尿病和冠状动脉疾病。进一步的问诊中,他曾经多次腹痛自限性发作。腹部X光检查如下图所示。



讨论:从X光片上看,最可能的疾病是气肿性胆囊炎。气肿性胆囊炎是一种由气体形成的生物体造成的胆囊壁感染。它可能是由于胆囊继发于胆石症的血管损伤、免疫抑制,或者在之前治疗处理中传播造成的。糖尿病老年患者典型表现是右上腹疼痛和高热。X光片示胆囊中有气体,如上图所示,使用计算机断层扫描(CT)可以确认(下图所示)。气肿性胆囊炎是一种外科急症,其死亡率为15%~20%。



(二)食管穿孔(Boerhaave综合征)

病例资料:患者,32岁,男性,呕吐急性发作后90分钟送入急诊室,呕吐带来严重的胸部疼痛。该患者呼吸时有乙醇气味,其朋友指出该例患者在呕吐发作前身体状况是正常的。患者的血压是95/50mmHg。心电图(ECG)检查示窦性心动过速,每分钟130下;口腔温度为99.9°F;在室内空气下氧饱和度98%。他的胸X光片如图所示。



讨论:??该疾病??最可能的诊断是食管穿孔(Boerhaave综合征)。Boerhaave综合征,食管全层穿孔,经常发生在饮酒后呕吐突然,急性发作。这种疾病有相当高的死亡率,需要紧急外科会诊。胸部X光片(上图)示左侧胸腔积液,在Boerhaave综合征患者中时最常见的影像学结果。与这种综合征相关的疼痛通常是急性的,严重的,同时位于腹部到颈部的任何位置。患者快速的进展为心动过速,呼吸急促以及低血压,会导致休克。胸部听诊时,也可能发生纵隔炎,可能会听到一种“Hamman crunch”(一种噼里啪啦的生硬,与每次心跳重合)。

胸部计算机断层扫描(CT)通常可确认Boehaave综合征的诊断;它们也可能表现出来源于食管假象占据(如下图所示)。



(三)乙状结肠扭转

病例资料:患者,81岁,男性,患有晚期帕金森病,由疗养院转至医院。主诉“痉挛性”腹痛1天。中度疼痛,大部分位于左下腹。患者同时指出,部似乎比平时更加“臃肿”。该患者长期便秘;入院前最后一次大便是2天前。体检示身体体征在正常范围内,在脐周区触诊出现中度压痛,无反弹。直肠检查没有发现任何粪便。该患者的腹部X光片如下图所示。


讨论:最可能的诊断是乙状结肠扭转。CT检查,可以看见近端结肠正常表现,乙状结肠扩张(如下图箭头所示)。长期卧床患者和那些神经精神障碍患者的风险最大,因为精神药物可以减缓肠道蠕动。冗余乙状结肠(乙状结肠延伸,导致一个冗余环路)也是一个风险因素。


患者一般表现为急性腹痛、痉挛、腹胀和便秘。通过静脉(IV)输液和广谱抗生素,患者病情初步稳定。在所有病情不稳定的患者中,手术是最彻底的治疗,但是内镜减压可能也是对病情稳定的患者较为合适的一项选择。

(四)腹直肌鞘血肿

病例资料:患者,50岁,男性,因急性发作腹痛,高热,恶性,呕吐送至紧急医疗中心。症状表现开始是在他一次大便结束后。在过去的几个小时,患者的腹部已经进展为“大面积疹”(如图所示)。他的妻子称自从他们出门后他一直表现得比较糊涂。值得注意的是,他有深静脉血栓形成的病史,故一直服用华法林。


讨论:最可能的诊断是腹直肌鞘血肿。腹直肌鞘血肿通常是由腹壁动脉或肌肉撕裂引起,伴有小血管破裂。严重外伤或劳累通常是正常凝血患者的病因;然而,在抗凝血患者中,调节看上去比较温和,比如瓦尔萨尔瓦动作、咳嗽,或者打喷嚏可能是出血的表现。血肿是很难触诊的,如果它们位于腹直肌后侧,但是通过CT扫描比较应该容易识别(如图箭头所示)。如果血肿不是独立的,可能会继续扩大,导致血流动力学损害。受影响的患者可能需要抗凝逆转,输血,和手术干预。


(五)假膜性结肠炎

病例资料:患者,60岁,老年女性,主诉频繁、恶臭、水样腹泻和呕吐,送至急诊中心。该患者的症状在过去24个小时加重,同时发热105°F。患者否认有任何重大病史,但是报告称她最近因“感染”接受氨苄西林治疗。腹部X光片如下图所示。


讨论:影响该患者最可能的疾病是假膜性结肠炎。假膜性结肠炎是一种畸形结肠炎症性疾病,由松散贴壁黏膜分泌物为特征(如下图所示)。

典型症状是在近期抗生素使用的患者中出现大量腹泻和发热。腹部X光片显示黏膜水肿(如上图所示)和肠梗阻,这些影像学检查有助于排除毒性巨结肠。CT扫描示管腔扩张,弥漫性增厚,以及结肠周围炎症。严重病例可能会导致中毒性巨结肠或穿孔的进展;在这种情况下可能需要紧急肠切除术。


(六)瘘管形成

病例资料:患者,60岁,男性,表现为痉挛性腹痛、恶心,呕吐和低烧。过去该患者也有类似表现,但通常在几天内消退。身体检查示,触诊左下腹有压痛,无反弹证据。腹部/盆腔造影CT扫描示基本正常(圆圈所示)。


讨论:与这种疾病过程相关的最常见潜在的严重并发症是瘘管形成。该患者患有憩室炎。CT扫描结果包括脂肪间隙,憩室和肠壁增厚(如下图所示)。瘘管及脓肿形成是憩室炎常见的并发症。钡灌肠检查可以识别瘘管形成:图像示结肠膀胱瘘,由造影剂充盈的膀胱显示(箭头所示)。瘘管形成患者有严重感染的风险,这类患者通常需要手术干预。


(七)“人体包装机”

病例资料:患者,26岁,男,在安全检查时表现烦躁,并且不配合,由海关人员带到急诊室。该患者发汗,同时瞳孔散大。患者生命体征表现明显,血压180/90 mmHg,脉搏每分钟跳动124次,呼吸速率每分钟24次,口腔温度99.1°F。腹部X光如下图所示。



讨论:最可能的干预措施是外科会诊。这一病例描述的是一个“人体包装机”,将药物填充在包装里吐下去,以通过海关方便走私。无症状包装体的管理可以使用聚乙二醇灌注全肠,然后通过影像学(上消化系或者CT扫描)确认充分移除。因为该患者表现出中毒迹象,很有可能是源于可卡因,立即手术会诊是必要的。在包装体破裂实践中,中毒和死亡发生很快。苯二氮?类药物应该充分给予患者,以为解剖手术做准备。



(八)小肠梗阻

病例资料:患者,53岁,男性,因腹痛24小时、恶心、呕吐和腹泻三次,送入急诊室。患者描述疼痛为间歇性痉挛,没有食欲,同时3天未排便。该患者手术史包括胆囊切除术和阑尾切除术。值得注意的是,身体检查时患者肠鸣音亢进,腹部X光片如下图所示。



讨论:最可能的诊断是小肠梗阻。小肠梗阻最常见原因是腹部手术后粘连;其他常见原因是嵌顿性疝,恶性肿瘤,克罗恩病,胆石性肠梗阻和放射性肠炎。患者一般表现为痉挛、间歇性腹痛、恶心、呕吐和腹泻。腹部X光片示扩张型小肠回路,在空气流体水平对直立或卧位的视图,以及解压缩的远端肠管。闭环障碍物或者绞窄性肠梗阻(如下图所示)是具有高死亡率(未经治疗)的外科急诊。



(九)脓肿形成

病例资料:患者,男性,32岁,因腹痛、全身乏力、恶心厌食,持续10个小时,送入急诊室。该患者指出疼痛始于脐周区域,但是近期迁移至右下腹。腹部身体检查示右下腹有压痛,但是没有反跳痛证据。患者体温和白细胞计数正常。口服和静脉造影的腹部CT扫面如下图所示。



讨论:这种情况最常见的并发症是脓肿形成。该患者患有阑尾炎,通常是由于粪石堵塞阑尾管腔引起的。伴有持续黏膜分泌的梗阻增加腔内压力,最终超过血管压力,导致缺血和穿孔。这会引起腹腔炎症产生疼痛,定位于“McBurney点”。CT成像通常可以容易识别周围脂肪间隙的阑尾肿大。阑尾炎患者需要进行阑尾切除术,因为治疗的延误可能会导致破裂和/或脓肿形成。


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