Diabetes :SARS CoV-2感染的年轻个体中胰岛素依赖性高血糖综合征的发病率

2022-04-10 从医路漫漫 MedSci原创

SARS-CoV-2感染可导致高血糖,在一些受试者中引发糖尿病发作和糖尿病酮症酸中毒(DKA)。

背景:虽然呼吸衰竭、心血管病理和血栓形成事件是导致冠状病毒病2019(新冠肺炎)患者严重发病率和死亡率的最常见原因,但感染者的多个器官都会出现严重的表现,包括胰腺。特别是,SARS-CoV-2感染可导致高血糖,在一些受试者中引发糖尿病发作和糖尿病酮症酸中毒(DKA)。在许多情况下,新冠肺炎患者需要胰岛素的高血糖综合征类似于1型糖尿病(T1D)。这催生了一种以一些科学报道为中心的媒体驱动的流行叙事,这些报道表明,SARS CoV-2感染加速了胰腺β细胞选择性自身免疫,导致类似于需要胰岛素的高血糖的T1D。此外,有证据表明ACE2在胰腺中表达,感染β细胞导致其受损,并可能引导某种跨分化事件,这一说法也进一步支持了这一说法。然而,关于SARS CoV-2如何直接影响β细胞功能还存在一些争议。

尽管最近的数据表明新冠肺炎治疗后糖代谢控制受到干扰,但其他研究结果表明,新冠肺炎患者(无任何糖尿病病史)需要胰岛素的糖尿病发病率并不高于普通人群中报告的发病率(基于美国疾病控制与预防中心最新公布的流行病学数据)。Lawrence等人跟踪了严重糖尿病酮症酸中毒和新诊断的需要胰岛素的糖尿病的频率,他们认为这些糖尿病反映了澳大利亚COVID19大流行初期(2020年3月至5月)的T1D,并将其与2015年至2020年(新冠肺炎之前)在急救条件下出现的所有儿童严重糖尿病酮症酸中毒和新诊断的T1D进行了比较。虽然在大流行期间接受紧急护理的患者的严重糖尿病酮症酸中毒的频率明显高于大流行前期间,在大流行期间糖尿病酮症酸中毒的总体频率显著高于大流行期间,但大流行期间和大流行前期间经自身抗体验证的新T1D诊断的数量在统计上没有明显差异(2020年为11例,2015-2019年为6-10例)。即使对急诊科的报告按年龄分层,在大流行期间和大流行前期间,T1D的发生率也没有差异。

因此,我们首次提供了全球医疗保健组织人群水平的数据,表明反映T1D的糖尿病在新冠肺炎患者中的发病率,特别是在历史和流行病学上显示出患β细胞自身免疫最高风险和最高发病率(最高可达30岁)的年龄组中,与年龄匹配的非冠状病毒感染者的发病率没有区别。此外,我们还提供了一个模型,可以协调关于胰腺内分泌细胞感染SARS CoV-2的不同数据。虽然我们的分析是在一个非常大的国际人口中进行的,但我们警告说,应该保持警惕。我们的结论是,在证实SARS CoV-2感染的证据的背景下,更多的分子、组织病理学和机制研究势在必行,以正式排除或建立真正的、β细胞靶向的、自身免疫的T1D之间的明确联系。

方法:我们使用“大数据”方法研究了一个大型全球人群中新冠肺炎患者的T1D发病率。在TriNetX新冠肺炎研究网络(全球超过8000万份已识别的患者电子病历)内,将0-30岁确诊新冠肺炎患者在新冠肺炎疫情开始后约15个月内的发病率与年龄匹配的非新冠肺炎人群进行比较。队列用于产生T1D后指数的结果。

结果:在18岁以下的人群中,在已经确诊的新冠肺炎患者中,需要胰岛素治疗的糖尿病(代表T1D)的发病率与非新冠肺炎对照组人群在统计学上没有差异。相比之下,在19-30岁年龄段,发病率在统计学上更高。这些数据表明,与非新冠肺炎年龄、性别和身体质量指数匹配的人群相比,从疫情开始至今年龄< 30岁的新冠肺炎患者T1D的发病率并不高。尽管如此,新冠肺炎患者可能没有糖尿病/糖尿病前期状态的症状,因此可能不会来就医,一直是未确诊状态。

表1 年龄分层队列中患者的年龄和性别

表2 无2型糖尿病的倾向性分数匹配的患者的1型糖尿病(T1D)发病率

表3 无1型糖尿病的倾向评分匹配的患者的2型糖尿病发病率(T2D)

结论:因此,无症状的病毒感染者仍有可能获得β细胞自身免疫,最终进展为血糖异常和临床T1D,发生率较高。

原文出处:

 Pietropaolo M,  Hotez P,  Giannoukakis N,Incidence of an Insulin-Requiring Hyperglycemic Syndrome in SARS CoV-2-Infected Young Individuals: Is it Type 1 Diabetes?Diabetes 2022 Mar 16

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    2023-02-12 baoya
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    2022-04-08 hbwxf
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    2022-04-08 小刀医生
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    2022-04-08 zhouqu_8