Cell:长寿配方:米面仍须首位,大豆产品多食用

2022-05-05 官水木 MedSci原创

近日,《Cell》的一篇综述对以上问题进行了系统阐释,长寿饮食的奥秘逐渐浮出水面。

西方有句名谚:You are what you eat。我们身体的物质和能量主要来源于饮食,饮食也影响着人类的生老病死。《皇帝内经》曰:“饮食自倍,肠胃乃伤”,意即饮食过量会损神伤元,我们常说的长寿饮食需“七分饱”也大约发源与此。
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但是,“七分饱”真的可以延年益寿?“七分饱”的现代科学内涵究竟为何?近日,《Cell》的一篇综述对以上问题进行了系统阐释,长寿饮食的奥秘逐渐浮出水面。
“七分饱”的现代解释可以分为“热量限制”和“间歇性禁食”。“热量限制”强调食物摄取总量的控制,是质能维度的概念;“间歇性禁食”强调饮食的节律性限制,属于时间维度的考量。
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热量限制
 
多年研究发现,体重较轻、吃得少的猴子寿命更长,并且在生活中更健康。热量限制可以在动物中实现较低的空腹血糖和胰岛素水平、更高的胰岛素敏感性和更健康的血脂浓度。
胰岛素敏感性的改善可以延缓猴脑灰质体积的损失,表明大脑衰老得以延迟。热量限制还可有效延缓肌肉减少、保持肌肉质量、维持T细胞功能,这些都是抗衰老的重要指标。
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doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.04.002.
人类和小鼠实验中也有相似的现象出现,这说明在动物中,热量限制影响健康的潜在机制具有高度的保守性。因此,无论是自己进食还是投喂宠物,适当减量都非常重要。
间歇性禁食
对人类来说,中断数天饮食的难度很大,因此更具有操作性的禁食方式是限时进食,也就是将一天的进食窗口限定一个范围,其余时间不摄入能量。
迄今为止,绝大多数的限时进食研究都成功实现了体重减轻和肥胖减少。但限时进食也有一些副作用,例如不吃早餐所形成的每日较长禁食时间一直与死亡率增加有关。
目前看来,每天11-12小时的进食窗口比较合适,更严格的时间控制可能会带来额外的负担。
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doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.01.065.
饮食结构是另一个重要的研究方向。“七分饱”不仅是要限制饮食,更需要强调优质的食物摄取。
高碳水饮食可能没那么坏
降低碳水摄入被宣传为健康的饮食模式,但一项大型流行病学研究对健康人群进行了长达20年的追踪,发现基于动物性食物来源的低碳水饮食与较高的全因死亡率相关,男性患癌症死亡的风险增加了66%,女性死于癌症的风险增加了26%。
另一项荟萃分析指出,低碳水化合物摄入(<40%的能量)和高碳水化合物摄入(>70%的能量)都会增加死亡风险,且低碳水的风险更高。
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doi: 10.1016/S2468-2667(18)30135-X.
因此,相比于高碳水,低碳水同样有害。研究还强调,如必须减低碳水如减肥期间,可以增加植物性蛋白和脂肪的摄入,而不应是动物性的。
高蛋白饮食和低脂饮食或许没那么好
 
充足的蛋白质摄入一直被认为是必须的。但目前的研究却发现,蛋白质限制可以延长寿命,尤其是甲硫氨酸的限制非常重要。值得注意的是,与动物相比,豆类和其他植物性蛋白质来源中的甲硫氨酸水平非常低,这或许可以解释为什么植物性蛋白优于动物性蛋白。
 
尽管低脂肪对降低体重和保护心脑血管的重要性已经广为人知,但严格的临床研究已经证实,与低脂饮食组相比,补充橄榄油或坚果脂肪的饮食组发生重大心血管事件的风险反而降低了约30%!
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因此,无论是蛋白还是脂肪,来源都是重中之重。一味追求高蛋白和低脂肪可能会适得其反,更需要关注的是要减少动物性蛋白和脂肪(主要指肉类),增加植物性食物的摄入。
 
但这些研究并非提倡高碳水、低蛋白和高脂肪摄入,而是提醒我们需要均衡能量结构,尤其是提高豆类为代表的植物性食物占比。
 
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那么,长寿饮食应该是什么样?研究总结了世界范围内长寿饮食的几个特点:

  • 中高水平的碳水化合物摄入。

  • 较低但足够的蛋白质摄入,主要是植物性的,尤其是大豆类。

  • 适度的脂肪摄入,约占能量的30%,植物来源为主。

  • 每天12-13小时的禁食期。

不过,作者还强调这并非是唯一的长寿饮食方案,不同群体也需要不同设计,例如糖尿病患者则要严格控制碳水摄入,而运动员需要提高蛋白摄入。

“七分饱”的现代内涵还在继续扩充,随着研究的深入,相信我们离长寿饮食的真相也越来越近。

 

参考资料
[1]Valter D Longo, et al. Nutrition, longevity and disease: From molecular mechanisms to interventions. Cell. 2022 ;185(9):1455-1470. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.04.002.
[2]Sara B Seidelmann, et al. Dietary carbohydrate intake and mortality: a prospective cohort study and meta-analysis. Lancet Public Health. 2018;3(9):e419-e428. doi: 10.1016/S2468-2667(18)30135-X.
[3]Shuang Rong, et al. Association of Skipping Breakfast With Cardiovascular and All-Cause Mortality. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;73(16):2025-2032. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.01.065.

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    2023-10-27 ms7000000490047503 来自江苏省

    植物性蛋白优于动物性蛋白?

    0

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    2022-12-09 维他命
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    2022-05-05 yecan2010

    有用的文章,但APP不提供收藏文章功能😂

    0

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    2022-05-05 weigq

    合理均衡的膳食永远都是最好的。

    0

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间歇性禁食 (IF) 具有多效性心血管益处,包括肠道微生物组的重组和细胞代谢的增强。间歇性禁食将如何改变肺动脉高压的野百合碱模型中的肠道微生物群组成、右心室功能和存活率。

间歇性禁食对你真的有用吗?

与卡路里限制相比,间歇性禁食更被大众所接受是应该的吗?间歇性禁食能帮助所有人实现他们的健康目标吗?

JCEM:间歇性禁食可改善代谢综合征患者心脏代谢危险因素并改变肠道菌群

IF以某种方式诱导肠道微生物菌群和功能的显著改变,这与减轻心脏代谢危险因素密切相关。该研究为预防与MS相关的不良结局提供了潜在的机制。

JAHA:间歇性禁食可增强肺动脉高压个体右心室功能

IF直接增强了PAH动物的RV功能并重组了肠道微生物组。这些结果表明IF可能是对抗RV功能障碍的一种非药物治疗手段。