流感通用疫苗研制困境:数十年过去,问题依旧没能解决

2018-12-10 任芳言 中国科学报

流感疫苗打还是不打?每年的流感疫情因不同的流感病毒而起,许多病毒血清型之间没有交叉保护。每一季的流感疫苗的病毒种类容量有限,若不能对症下药,每年排队挨上一针就可能变成无用功。数十年过去,不少科学家的研究成果加速了通用流感疫苗的到来,但未来仍有很长的路要走。通用疫苗的诱惑力如果有通用的流感疫苗,就意味着只需一种疫苗即可覆盖全部流感毒株的免疫。年复一年大规模疫情暴发让通用流感疫苗的研发显得极为迫切。今

流感疫苗打还是不打?每年的流感疫情因不同的流感病毒而起,许多病毒血清型之间没有交叉保护。每一季的流感疫苗的病毒种类容量有限,若不能对症下药,每年排队挨上一针就可能变成无用功。数十年过去,不少科学家的研究成果加速了通用流感疫苗的到来,但未来仍有很长的路要走。

通用疫苗的诱惑力

如果有通用的流感疫苗,就意味着只需一种疫苗即可覆盖全部流感毒株的免疫。年复一年大规模疫情暴发让通用流感疫苗的研发显得极为迫切。今年上半年,美国盖茨基金会曾宣布投入1200万美元,专门用于通用流感疫苗研发,诸多项目中的佼佼者有机会获得最高200万美元的资金支持。

然而一山更比一山高。据彭博社报道,美国国立卫生研究院在2017年一年内就斥资超过6000万美元进行通用流感疫苗的研发;美国国家过敏与感染性疾病研究院(NIAID)明年将有1.6亿美元用于通用疫苗研究。

“对科学家和疫苗企业来说,通用流感疫苗的吸引力‘无穷大’。”北京大学医学部基础医学院免疫学系副主任王月丹对《中国科学报》表示。

为何研发通用疫苗需要不断“砸钱”?中国科学院武汉病毒研究所研究员崔宗强告诉记者,通用疫苗的研发涉及到各种不同的设计和制备策略,需要进行筛选和优化,疫苗还需要细胞、动物和临床试验等不同环节的验证,“这些都是非常花钱的”。

活跃的病毒

但数十年过去,问题依旧没能解决。疫苗的研发工作因病毒毒株数量众多、易发生变异而变得十分棘手。

“对流感病毒研究得越多,就越能意识到人类对这种病毒知之甚少。”世界卫生组织疫苗研究项目协调人、生化学家Martin Friede表示。

那么要疫苗将每一年流行的流感病毒都包括进去有多难呢?流感病毒分为ABCD4种类型,人类多感染的是A型和B型,又称甲型和乙型。流感病毒的遗传物质是分节段的RNA,不仅会随机组合,还容易变异。

甲型流感病毒可按病毒颗粒表面的血凝素抗原(H抗原)和神经氨酸酶抗原(N抗原)的各种组合,细分为更多的亚型。 “如果有一个表位发生变化,就可能导致已有的免疫记忆或疫苗失效。”一名细胞生物学研究者告诉《中国科学报》。

王月丹表示,目前的季节性流感疫苗主要是通过H和N抗原等激活机体免疫系统产生抗体,抗体具有中和病毒通过H抗原黏附宿主细胞的功能,从而抑制流感病毒感染细胞,发挥预防作用。

“常变常新”的流感病毒使得季节性流感疫苗的研制工作也要及时跟上节奏。研究人员每年都要对上一年的流感疫情进行追踪,以确定新的流感病毒种类。这样研发出来的季节性流感疫苗有效性大约为20%~60%。预测的病毒种类与实际引发疫情的种类不符,是季节性流感疫苗效果不佳的原因之一。

另一个原因则与原始抗原效应(OAS)有关。当免疫系统遇到某种毒株后,会产生相应的抗体,但若这种毒株发生新的变异再次攻击免疫系统,而免疫系统依然用陈旧的“武器”对抗新的病毒毒株就会产生OAS。

为了更好地了解OAS,NIAID正在对一项新的研究进行评估。该研究计划对婴儿进行长达7年的追踪,以观测其初次患上流感将对后续的免疫反应有何影响。与此同时,来自宾夕法尼亚大学佩雷尔曼医学院的分子生物学家Scott Hensley表示,儿童第一次接种的流感疫苗应包括多重常见的病毒亚型,这可能是研发通用疫苗的思路之一,因为这样的疫苗能够比季节性流感疫苗提供更多的保护。

新的制备策略

“研发通用流感疫苗,可能不得不摒弃现在流感疫苗研发针对的H抗原和N抗原。”王月丹告诉《中国科学报》,“因为其免疫学特性容易突变、多变,所以必须找到所有流感病毒株的共同抗原(例如基质蛋白M抗原等),而且这个抗原还必须能引起人体对流感病毒的保护性免疫,这确实比较难。”

也有不少科学家在努力加快通用疫苗的面世。《科学》杂志11月就刊登了一项研究,研究者利用从羊驼身上提取的4种抗体研发出一种“超级蛋白质”,可以让老鼠抵御数十种流感病毒达9个多月之久。

崔宗强表示,有的抗原能抵抗几种毒株,若能将这些抗原进行组合,或许可成为未来广谱疫苗的制备策略。今年2月,崔宗强与同事成功研制出一种新型广谱性抗流感病毒黏膜纳米疫苗——利用流感病毒保守型抗原M2e,结合纳米技术制备交叉保护疫苗。经该纳米疫苗免疫的小鼠,能够完全抵抗H1N1病毒和H9N2病毒的致死性感染。

今年上半年,以色列疫苗企业BiondVax宣布将进行通用流感疫苗M-001的临床三期试验。这种疫苗并不含病毒,但包含了几乎所有甲型和乙型流感病毒毒株共有的9种抗原,并通过基因工程重组技术进行纯化制备。这是世界上首个宣布挺进临床三期试验的通用型疫苗,预计试验结果将在2020年揭晓。

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    学习谢谢分享

    0

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    2018-12-12 smartxiuxiu

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    2018-12-11 flysky120

    医学研究本身就是难上加难。

    0

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    2018-12-11 1dd8a7c5m95(暂无匿称)

    好文,值得点赞!认真学习了,把经验应用于实践,为患者解除病痛。

    0

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    2018-12-11 yjs木玉

    学习学习再学习

    0

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